language development

• When does the preference for a particular language develop

  In utereo
• Intonation rising up or dropping down is used why

  To convey meanings
• Phonetic distinction between V and B are not picked up in what country

  Spain
• Baby's are born with a universal ear, what does this mean

  Infants under 1 are sensitive to all phonetic distinctions between all languages, less sensitive as they approach 1
• What's infant directed speech also known as

  Motherese
• What are the factors involved in motherese pattern of speech

  -Talk slowly

  -Repetitive

  -High and low intonations
• Benefits of infant directed speech opposed to adult directed speech

  -Segments speech stream

  -Begins to map meanings from words
• What's the meaning of babbling

  Closer to 12 months babbling tongue tuned in to consonant vowel pairings common in the language they will be speaking
• What's the significance of pointing

  -Drawing ones attention to something

  -Just proceeds infants first word

  -Can be done with finger and language

  -Only humans point spontaneously
• What connects verbal language with meaning?

  Association
• The problem with association ?


  If speaking looking at something and baby looking at something else.
• What is shared attention

  -How infants associate words with meaning

  -They don't associate what they hear with what they see

  -Turn around look at speaker to confirm what they are looking at

  -Use of social skills
• What age is shared attention happening

  16 months old
• Just hearing language in order to learn is not sufficient, what's needed to effectively learn

  Social context
• Part of the social context of language includes what and an example

  -Pragmatic functors (Meaning wanting to convey)

  
  

  -Example: 'bye-bye' 'ta
• First word is usually by what age and what is the age limit when you should test for hearing impairment

  12 months

  By 3 y/o
• First word is usually what

  -Noun

  -Usually "middle sized thing in the environment"
• Language errors occur in what age range ?

  12-18 months (1-1.5 y/o)
• Two types of language errors that occur

  -Overextension error

  -Under extension errors
• What is the one-word stage

  -Pointing at and uttering single word nouns

  
  

  -Referential errors in the first 50 words or so
• What is the overextension error and an example

  -Overextend the reference

  -Parent "moon" reference to the moon

  -Child independently (without social reference) calling other things "moon"
• What is the under extension error


  Common noun treated as proper name
• Example of the under extension error


  -Baby knows the name of the family pet as dog

  
  

  -Doesn't extend that word to any other dogs that she sees
• Why do baby's make the overextension error

  -Limited vocabulary

  -Just want to get in the game.
• How many words have baby's learned by 18 months

  50-75 words
• What age do baby's stop making the under extension and overextension error


  18 to around 24 months
• Why do baby's make the under extension error

  -Don't understand how language works.

  -Don't understand that words refer to individual things

  -Don't understand reference.
• By 18 to around 24 months what's happening with baby's language

  -Naming explosion 9 words per day via "what's that" game

  
  

  -Combining words (telegraphic speech)
• What game creates a "naming explosion"

  The what's that game
• At what age have baby's got a critical mass of beyond 50 to 75 words


  From around 18 to around 24 months
• What is the naming explosion and what age is this occurring

  -Picking up around nine words a day

  -18 to around 24 months
• The "what's that game" with the "naming explosion" is a nature or nurture view


  Nurture
• How many words in a child's vocabulary by age 6

  12,000-14,000
• How many words in a adult's vocabulary

  25,000
• What is word error

  Gramma
• What is telegraphic speech and an example

  -Two and three-word stage

  -Baby's make very few word-order errors.

  
  

  "Teddy eat," and, "Eat teddy."
• A developmental psycholinguist studying language acquisition up until three-word stage is most interested in what aspect ?

  Utterances and context.
• A developmental psycholinguist studying language acquisition after three-word stage is most interested in what aspect ?

  Context
• What is over regularisation errors and what age range do these appear/disappear

  * Grammatical mistake

  * Grammatical rule extracted and overapplied

  * <3 Correct usage

  * >3 over regularisation

  * From 8: Correct usage
• An example of over regularisation errors


  "blowed-up"