Chapter 1

• Surveying


  The science, art, and technology of determining the relative positions above, on, or beneath the Earth's surface, or of establishing such points
• Surveying


  The art of determining the positions of points on or near the earth's surface by means of measurements in the three elements of space: distance, direction and relative
• Surveying


  The art of measuring horizontal and vertical distances between objects, of measuring angles between lines and determining direction of lines

  
• The work of the surveyor consists of five (5) phases

  1. Decision Making - selecting method, equipment and final point locations

  2. Fieldwork & Data Collection

  3. Computing & Data Processing- Preparing calculations based on the recorded data to determine locations in a useable form

  4. Mapping or Data Presentation - plotting data to produce a map, plot, or chart in the proper form

  5. Stakeout - locating and establishing monuments or stakes in the proper locations in the field
• Activities of a surveyor

  • To determine, measure and represent the land, three-dimensional objects, point-fields, and trajectories
  • To assemble and interpret land and geographically related information
  • To use that information for the planning and efficient administration of the land, the sea and any structures thereon
  • To conduct research into the above practices and to develop them
• Importance of Surveying


  • Map the earths above and below sea level
  • Prepare navigational charts for use in the air, on land, and at sea
  • Established property boundaries of private and public lands
  • Develop data banks of land-use and natural resources information that aid in managing our environment
  • Determine facts on the size, shape, gravity, and magnetic fields of the earth
  • Prepare charts of our moon and planets
• General Classification of Surveying

  • Geodetic Surveying - the curved surface of the earth is considered by performing the computations on an ellipsoid (curve surface approximating the size and shape of the earth)
  • Plane Surveying - except for leveling, the reference base for fieldwork and computations is assumed to be a flat horizontal surface
• Types of Surveys


  • Cadastral Surveys
  • City Surveys
  • Construction Surveys
  • Forestry Surveys
  • Hydrographic Surveys
  • Industrial Surveys
  • Mine Surveys
  • Photogrammetric Surveys
  • Route Surveys
  • Topographic Surveys
• Measurement


  The process of determining the extent and size or dimension of a particular quantity in comparison to a given standard

  
• Units of Measurements


  • The Meter (Metric System)
  • The English System
• Units of Measurements for Linear, Area and Volume


  • 1kilometer (km)
  • 1meter (m)
  • 1millimeter (mm)
  • 1meter (m)
  • 1decimeter (dm)
  • 1centimeter (cm)

  
• Units of Measurements for Angular

  The International System of Units (SI) for plane is the radian. The radian is defined as an angle subtended by an arc of a circle having a length equal to the radius of the circle
• Units of Measurements for Angular

  • Sexagesimal Units - Degree, minute, and second
  • Centesimal Units - In this system the circumference of a circle (360 degrees) is divided into 400 grads

  
• Significant Figures Rules


  • Rule 1- Zeroes between other significant figures are significant
  • Rule 2 - For values less than one, zeroes immediately to the right of the decimal are not significant
  • Rule 3 - Zeroes placed at the end of decimal numbers are significant
• Rounding Off Numbers


  • Digit is less than 5
  • Digit is equal to 5
  • Digit is greater than 5
• Phases of Surveying


  • Field Work - it is the gathering of data, laying-out of grade units and establishment of important land marks
  • Office Work - is the plotting and computation of data taken from the field
• Field Notes


  Records of work done in the field. They typically contain measurements, sketches, descriptions, and many other items of miscellaneous
• General Requirements of Handwritten Field Notes

  • Accuracy
  • Integrity
  • Legibility
  • Arrangement
  • Clarity
• Kinds of Notes


  • Sketches
  • Tabulations
  • Descriptions
  • Combination of These
• Information Found in Field Notebooks


  • Title of the Field Work or Project Name
  • Time of Day and Date
  • Weather Condition
  • Names of Group Members and Their Designations
  • List of Equipments
• The Field Survey Party


  • Chief of Party
  • Assistant Chief of Party
  • Instrument Man
  • Technician
  • Computer
  • Recorder
  • Head Tapeman
  • Rear Tapeman
  • Flagman
  • Rodman
  • Pacer
  • Axed/Line Man
  • Aidman
  • Utilitymen
• Direct Observations


  Applying a tape to a line, fitting a protractor to an angle, or turning an angle with a total station instrument
• Indirect Observations


  Secured when it is not possible to apply a measuring instrument directly to the quantity to be observed
• Error


  The difference between the true value and the measured value of quantity
• Mistakes


  Inaccuracies in measurements due to carelessness, inattention, poor judgment, and improper execution
• Sources of Errors


  • Instrumental Error
  • Natural Error
  • Personal Error
• Systematic Error


  Error which always have the same sign and magnitude as long as field conditions remain constant and unchanged
• Accidental/Random Errors


  Errors which are purely accidental in character
• Accuracy


  Indicates how close a given measurement is to the absolute or true value of the quantity measure
• Precision


  Refers to the degree of refinement and consistency with which any physical measurement is made
• Most Probable Value


  The arithmetic mean or the average of a group of repeated measurements made under similar conditions
• Determining the most probable value of angles

  • 130°15'20", 142°37'30", and 87°07'40"
• What is surveying?


  determining relative positions on Earth's surface, or establishing such points