urine fluids from d deck

• Nonblood specimens


  Liquid or semiliquid substances produced by the body, found in the intracellular and interstitial spaces and within various organs and body spaces
• Urine is the most frequently analyzed nonblood body fluid
• Urine


  • Readily available, easy to collect, and generally inexpensive to test
  • Can provide information on many of the body's major metabolic functions
  • Can aid in monitoring wellness, diagnosis and treatment of urinary tract infections, detection and monitoring of metabolic disease, and determining the effectiveness or complications of therapy
• Types of urine specimen

  • Random
  • First Morning/8-Hour Specimen
  • Fasting
  • Timed (Tolerance Test Specimen, 2-Hour Post prandial specimen, 24-Hour Specimen, Double-Voided Specimen (Glucose, Ketone))

  
• Urine collection methods


  • Regular Voided Specimen
  • Midstream Specimen
  • Midstream Clean-Catch Specimen
  • Catheterized Specimen
  • Suprapubic Aspiration
  • Pediatric Urine Collection

  
• Routine Urinalysis (UA)


  Screens for urinary and systemic disorders

  
• Physical analysis in Routine Urinalysis

  • Color
  • Clarity
  • Odor
  • Volume
  • Specific gravity or Osmolality

  
• Chemical analysis in Routine Urinalysis

  • Bilirubin
  • Blood
  • Glucose
  • Ketones
  • pH
  • Leukocyte
  • Nitrite
  • Protein
  • Urobilinogen
  • SG

  
• Microscopic analysis in Routine Urinalysis

  • Cells
  • Crystals
  • Microorganisms

  
• Urine Culture and Sensitivity

  Requested on a patient with symptoms of urinary tract infection (UTI), inoculated in culture media and incubated for 18-24 hours to perform ID and sensitivity testing

  
• Urine Cytology Studies


  Performed to detect cancer, cytomegalovirus, and other viral and inflammatory diseases of the bladder and other structures of the urinary system by examining cells from the lining of the urinary tract using Papanicolaou (PAP) stain

  
• Urine Drug Screening


  Performed to detect recreational drugs, anabolic steroids, and prescription drugs, to monitor therapeutic drug use, and to confirm a diagnosis of drug overdose
• Urine Glucose and Ketone Testing


  Used to diagnose diabetic ketoacidosis and help differentiate between diabetic and nondiabetic coma, using a reagent strip
• Urine Pregnancy Testing


  Detects the presence of human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) hormone produced by the developing placenta, which appears in serum and urine approximately 8 to 10 days after conception

  
• Amniotic Fluid


  Clear (colorless to pale-yellow) fluid that fills the amniotic sac, surrounds and cushions the fetus in the uterus, preferably collected after 15 weeks of gestation by transabdominal amniocentesis
• Tests performed on Amniotic Fluid

  • Detect genetic disorders (Down's syndrome)
  • Identify hemolytic disease resulting from blood incompatibility between the mother and fetus
  • Determine gestational age
  • Detect problems in fetal development (particularly neural tube defects such as spina bifida) – measuring of AFP
  • Assess fetal lung maturity
  • Chromosome Studies – detect genetic disorders
  • Bilirubin measurement – detect hemolytic disease
  • Creatinine measurement – estimate gestational age
  • Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) – detect problems in fetal development
  • Phospholipids measurement (lecithin-to-sphingomyelin L/S ratio) – assess fetal lung maturity
• Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)


  A clear, colorless liquid that surrounds the brain and spinal cord, aids in diagnosis of meningitis, brain abscess, CNS cancer, and multiple sclerosis, collected by lumbar puncture (spinal tap)

  
• Routine Tests on Cerebrospinal Fluid

  • Cell counts
  • Chloride
  • Glucose
  • Total protein
• Gastric Fluid


  Stomach fluid, used for gastric analysis to examine stomach contents for abnormal substances and measure gastric acid concentration to evaluate stomach acid production
• Nasopharyngeal Secretions


  Cultured to detect the presence of microorganisms causing diphtheria, meningitis, pertussis (whooping cough), and pneumonia, collected using a sterile swab
• Saliva


  Fluid secreted by glands in the mouth, used to monitor hormone levels and detect alcohol and drug abuse
• Semen (Seminal Fluid)


  Sperm-containing thick yellowish-white fluid discharged during male ejaculation, used to assess fertility, determine the effectiveness of sterilization following vasectomy, and examined for forensic reasons
• Serous Fluid


  Pale-yellow, watery, serum-like fluid found between the double-layered membranes enclosing the pleural, pericardial, and peritoneal cavities, lubricates the membranes and allows them to slide past one another with minimal friction
• Types of Serous Fluid

  • Pleural fluid
  • Peritoneal fluid
  • Pericardial fluid
• Sputum


  Mucus or phlegm ejected from the trachea, bronchi, and lungs through deep coughing, used for diagnosis or monitoring of lower respiratory tract infections such as tuberculosis (TB)
• Sweat


  Analyzed for chloride content in the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis, a disorder of the exocrine glands that affects many body systems, can also be used to detect illicit drug use
• Synovial Fluid


  Clear, pale-yellow, viscous fluid that lubricates and decreases friction in movable joints, tested to identify or differentiate arthritis, gout, and other inflammatory conditions
• Buccal Swabs


  Less invasive, painless alternative to blood collection for obtaining cells for DNA analysis
• Bone Marrow


  Collected from the iliac crest (hip bone) or sternum (breastbone) to detect and identify blood diseases, used for hematologic studies, chromosome studies, bacterial cultures, and cell cytology
• Breath Samples


  Collected and analyzed for hydrogen content in one type of lactose tolerance test, and to detect the presence of Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) which causes chronic gastritis and can lead to peptic ulcer disease
• Feces (Stool)


  Evaluated for the presence of intestinal parasites and their eggs, fat and urobilinogen content, cultured to detect the presence of pathogenic bacteria and viruses, and tested for the presence of occult (hidden) blood
• Other Specimens


  • Hair
  • Nail Clippings
  • Skin Tests
  • Throat Swabs
  • Tissue Specimens
• Hair


  Collected for trace and heavy metal analysis, detection of drugs of abuse, and DNA analysis
• Nail Clippings


  Can be used for heavy metal testing, must be taken from all 10 nails (either fingernails or toenails)
• Skin Tests


  Intradermal (within the skin) injection of an allergic substance, performed to determine whether an individual has encountered a specific allergen and developed antibodies against it
• Skin Prick Test


  Puncture or scratch test, can check for allergic reactions to as many as 40 different substances at one time
• Tuberculin Test


  Mantoux tuberculin skin test or TST, determines whether an individual has developed an immune response to Mycobacterium tuberculosis
• Throat Swabs


  Collected to aid in the diagnosis of streptococcal (strep) infections, using a special kit containing a sterile polyester-tipped swab in a covered transport tube containing transport medium
• Tissue Specimens


  Biopsy - removal of a tissue sample for examination, placed in formalin or another suitable solution
• Nonblood specimens


  Liquid or semiliquid substances produced by the body, found in the intracellular and interstitial spaces and within various organs and body spaces