Final Exam

• Events that occur in both sensetizing dose and provocative dose is that IgG and IgM are created. Also IgE binds to mast cell surface receptors.
• In the sensetizing dose the allergen is carried to the lymph node, Th helps B cell recognize allergen. The B cell proliferates plasma cells which synthesizes IgE, the IgE will bind to mast cell receptors. 
• In the provocative dose the allergen is encountered again and attaches to the IgE on the mast cells, which will result in a allergic mediators will be released into the bloodstream.
• The 4 portals of entry are

  • Inhalants: Pet dander
  • Ingestants: Food 
  • Contact: Metal
  • Injectant: Bee sting
• Blood has antigens  and anti-antibodies and antibodies are added to determine a person’s blood type.
• • Type 1: Allergic Reactions
  • IgE mediated, involves mast cells, basophils, and allergic mediators. 
  • Includes anaphylaxis, allergic reactions such as hay fever, and asthma.
• • Type 2: Antibody-mediated
  • IgG, and IgM, antibodies act upon cells with complement and cause cell lysis; including some autoimmune diseases. 
  • Includes blood group incompatibility, Rh incompatibility of the fetus, pernicious anemia; myasthenia gravis.
• • Type 4: T-cell mediated
  • Delayed hypersensetivity and cytotoxic reactions reactions in tissues; includes some autoimmune diseases. 
  • Includes infection reactions, contact dermetitis, and graft reactions.
• RhoGAM is given late in a pregnancy in order to not have the mother react to Rh is present in the baby. The mother will develop memory antibodies to Rh+, without the RhoGAM which prevent the production of anti-rh antibodies the anti-rh antibodies will attack the Rh of the babies blood and cause hemolysis. The RhoGam will bind to the RBCs instead of the rh antibodies.
• ABO antigens are IgM antibodies which are unable to cross the placenta.
• Babies cannot produce IgG until birth which is the only type of antibody that can cross the placenta.
• O- has no antigens so it will not trigger an immune response in people. Antigens cause an immune response not antibodies.
• I is immediate action such as allergic reactions, anaphylaxis, asthma, . Is IgE mediated.
• I and II is antibody mediated and can be immediate.
• IV is cell mediated by cytotoxic T cells such as dermatitis, poison ivy, graft vs host, host vs graft. Is always delayed.
• I and IV can both potentially cause  rashes
• In hypersensitivity reactions b cells are responsible for type I, and II hypersensitivity. Tc cells are responsible for type IV hypersensetives.
• IgE is responsible for type I hypersensitivity, IgG and IgM are responsible for type II hypersensitivity.
• There is a sensetizing dose and provocative dose in all types
• • In Type 1: There is a systemic and local reactions. 
• • Type 2: There is a local raction. 
• • Type 4: Systemic reaction
• Allergy shots are IgG which will bind to allergens so IgE will not be able to bind with the antigen/allergen so an allergic reaction will not occur.
• • Gram positive cells have a thin cell wall that has peptidoglycan that is negatively charged with allows for the dye to adhere to it.
• Gram negative cells have a outer membrane, and a thick cell wall with a thin layer of peptoglycan. The outer surface is negatively charged as well but dissolves when ethanol washes away the dye. This allows for the peptodiglycan to be turned red when the surfan is placed on.
• • Gram Positive
  • Thin cell wall
  • Gram Negative 
  • Thick cell wall
  • Outer Membrane
  • Both 
  • Cell wall
  • Peptidoglycan
  • The negative charge on the surface which is used for positively charged dyes
• • Bacteria
  • Bacteria are unicellular organisms and have sacs of cytoplasm. Do not have a nucleus.
• • nucleusArcharea
  • Archarea live in extreme environments, and rarely cause disease. Do not have a nucleus.
• Eukaryotes are multicellular or unicellular and contain a nucleus, mitochondria, vacuoles, golgi, membrane bound organelles and are larger than prokaryotic. Contain the groups plants, animals, fungi, algae, helminths and protozoa.
• Bacterial growth occurs in an exponential pattern, so 1 goes to 2, 2 goes to 4 and up and up. A log scale allows you to better visualize the growth compared to a linear scale which will have to be much bigger and have a scale that writes each individual number instead of writing log^1 or log ^10.
• Binary fission is the process in where a prokaryotic cell turns into 2 cells.
• • Lag phase: Little to no growth is occurring, the bacteria is adjusting, getting familiar to the environment and repairing damage from the previous environment the bacteria were in.
• • Exponential phase: Is where exponential growth occurs, the bacterial cells will grow and divide, the cells will grow at the maximal rate but at a steady rate. 
• • Stationary phase: The number of growth of bacteria is equal to the amount of bacterial cell death. So the number of bacteria is staying constant. 
• • Death phase: There is no more bacterial growth occurring. So the number of bacteria cells will decrease. 
• • Oxygen: Plays a important role in the the structural and enzymatic functions of the cell. Is a powerful oxidizing agent that can cause damage to nuclic acid, protiens and lipids. 
• • Temperature: Bacteria can only go in certain temperature ranges, if not within that range, growth cannot occur. Microbes cannot regulate their own temperature so they rely on the environment’s temperature. 
• • pH: The cytoplasm is always maintained at a neutral pH. If the pH is not maintained the enzymes and cellular structures can be damaged. 
• • Salt: Effects how much water goes into the cell and out of the cell. If too much water goes into the cell the cell will burst. The cell can become dehydrated if there is too much salt. 
• • Radiation: Cells can be damaged by toxic oxygen that is produced by light they are nonphotosynthetic.  Ultraviolet and ionizing waves can damage the cell as well.