Two types of memory

• WK11 LO1: Two types of memory
• What does learning result in the formation of?

  Formation of memories
• What's the difference between learning and memory in habituation, sensitisation or Pavlovian learning vs. everyday concept of memory?

  In Pavlovian and non-associative learning, the memory is formed underlies the change in behavioural propensity (change in responsiveness)

  
  

  
  

  Everyday Concept of memory means either:

  1) A store in which info of one sort or another can be retained for later use

  
  

  2) A particular item of stored info

  · Appropriate metaphor for memories of facts, personal experiences, people's names and events
• Neural terms for the memory formed in Pavlovian and non-associative learning?

  How does this compare to the everyday concept of memory

  Memory takes form of changes in strength of synaptic connections b/t neurons in sensorimotor pathways-> which mediate stimulus-elicited behaviour.

  · BUT kind of memory involved = quite different to everyday concept which usually is what we did yesterday, facts, and names
• How does the everyday concept of memory work?

  
  

  How does this compare to Pavlovian + non-associative learning?


  o These kinds of memories appear to be held in a store (memory) and can be retrieved (recalled/ remembered) and described in words

  
  

  · However! No appropriate for the kind of memory we are talking about, the kind of memory formed in Pav and non-associative learning.
• What is the kind of memory when we call 'recall' items and describe then=m in words?


  =Declarative Memory-> can declare them
• Define Declarative Memory


  · a form of memory involving the (conscious) recall of experiences and facts. Recalled items can be communicated to another person (i.e. DECLARED)
• What is declarative memory also known as?

  How do you evidence declarative memory?

  Do you form declarative memory in Pavlovian and non-associative memory?


  AKA Explicit Memory

  If you have declarative memory, youknowsomething id the case + demonstrate by declaring this

  Yes and No, yes but not in the way you think-> you can have declarative memory of undergoing the procedure/ noticing the CS-US relationship but the actually conditioning is a form of NDM.
• Declarative memory


  Conscious, explicit memory, e.g., recalling events or facts
• What kind of memory is formed in Pavlovian and non-associative learning?

  This kind of memory has no sense in which the memory formed is recalled into consciousness or retrieved from a store + cannot be expressed in words

  (non-declarative memory)
• What is the kind of memory that cannot be recalled + expressed in words (I.e, cannot be declared)?

  Non-declarative memory
• Define non-declarative memory


  Formation of memory in which remembered info cannot be recalled into consciousness + communicated to other. Its existence is demonstrated by doing things
• What is non-declarative memory also known as?

  How do you evidence non-declarative memory?

  Do you form non-declarative memory in Pavlovian and non-associative learning?


  Implicit memory

  
  

  o If you have non-declarative memory, you know how to do something + demonstrate by doing this

  
  

  Yes you do form NDM in pav & non-assoc learning
• non-declarative memory


  Unconscious, implicit memory, e.g., motor skills or conditioning
• What is NDM sometimes referred to as?

  Why is the term procedural memory problematic? 3 reasons

  Sometimes referred to as Procedural Memory-> term is problematic (HOWEVER)

  
  

  
  

  1) Used inconsistently: sometime to mean non-declarative memory generally, sometimes only memory that relates to behaviours involving procedures.-> procedures are sequences of actions e.g. steps to make a cup of tea OR change gears

  
  

  2) Confusing when used to refer to memory underlying behaviours that do not involve procedures.

  
  

  3) Confusing because a memory of a procedure is not a procedural memory-> if you can declare knowledge of a procedure, it's not a procedural memory.
• Differences between declarative memory and non-declarative memory:
• Types of memory diagram

  
• Eye-blink conditioning


  Procedure involving tone sound and puff of air to study memory acquisition
• Eye blink conditioning experiment

  1)What happened?

  2)Results?

  3)What do people learn?

  4)How do we know that they've learnt this?

  5) did they form declarative memories + if so, what of?


  1) · Imagine that you're taking part in an eye-blink conditioning exp

  · Every once in a while-> tone sound + then puff of air blown into eye (delay procedure)

  
  

  2)Results:

  · CR acquisition= low

  
  

  3)No, people may also learn that a tone sounded before every puff

  o Tone predicts air puff

  
  

  4)· Ask them + they will tell you (declarative mem formed)

  · Data came from an exp where ppl watched movie during procedure (headphones tone + puff of air whilst watching

  
  

  5) Most of them had a declarative memory of procedure, BUT few did not notice/ make the association.

  · They all produced CRs-> a declarative memory= not involved in production of CRs

  
• CR acquisition


  Acquisition of conditioned response, low in eye-blink conditioning
• eye-blink conditioning


  · In eye-blink conditioning-> non-declarative mem= is the change in circuitry (CS → CR circuit)

  · May also acquire declarative memory that the puff of air was preceded by a tone.

  · If no declarative memory, CRs are still acquired.

  · Declarative memory plays no role in generating the CR (also non-declarative memory plays no role in the declaration that the tone preceded the air-puff)
• Pavlovian learning


  Type of associative learning, e.g., classical conditioning
• Simultaneous conditioning


  Procedure where CS and US are presented at the same time
• Backward conditioning


  Procedure where US precedes CS
• are CRs and declarative memories of the CS-US relationship formed in simultaneous and backwards conditioning?

  What does this tell us about learning?

  Yes a declarative memory of the CS-US relationship is acquiredBUT no CRs are acquired (DM=acquired, NDM= not acquired

  
  

  Thus,learning takes place in simultaneous and backward conditioning, but it’s not Pavlovian learning.
• 2 examples in terms of motor skills where we acquire little or no declarative knowledge but do acquire non-declarative knowledge


  oExample 1: skilled typists clearly know where the keys are (non-declarative memory) but can’t tell you any better than a novice

  oExample 2:Lane Changing
• Lane changing procedure study:

  1) why is lane changing an interesting manoeuvre in terms of Dm/NDM? How is this manoeuvre compleetd?

  2)How do we investigate this/ describe the study method

  1)This is an interesting manoeuvre bc we can all do it (whether in a car or a cycle), but most people can’t describe how it’s done (have implicit knowledge but not explicit knowledge)o Lane Changing is actually a 2 phase manoeuvre-ppl cannot typically recall it like that (declarative) but can demonstrate it when they are actually driving (non-declarative)

  
  

  2)What happens when you ask people to make a lane change without vision?· Have to use a simulator· People leave out the second phase when unable to see· Visual information about position on the road is needed to produce the second phase· People are(a)unaware that the lane-change manoeuvre is a two phase manoeuvre and(b)the second phase is triggered by visual information beneath the level of awareness

  
• Lane Changing Procedure study Results:

  · Formation of declarative memory doesn't necessarily accompany formation of NDM

  · 2 diff mems are formed by same training exp BUT are independent of each other

  · Don't need to be able to tell someone how to do something in order to be able to do it, vice versa.

  · 2 types involve diff components of CNS

  · 1st demo'ed in amnesia patients

  
• What is amnesia?


  Amnesia is exclusively defined in terms of a loss of declarative memory
• What are the two types of amnesia?

  Retrograde Amnesia (RA)

  Anterograde Amnesia (AA)
• What is Retrograde amnesia (RA)?

  Loss of memory about life events experienced prior to the damage and factual information acquired prior to the damage.
• What is Anterograde amnesia (AA)?

  inability to remember for more than a minute or two life events experienced after the damage and factual information to which one is exposed after the damage
• Difference between Retrograde amnesia and anterograde amnesia?

  RA: Loss of memory about past events and factual informationAA: Inability to form new memories after brain damage

  
  

  trick to remember which is which:Retro= old past -> prior toAnter=After
• What do we know about amnesiacs in term of their memory already?

  · AAs can hold things in mind for a short time (have STM (working) BUT cannot 'transfer' this info into LTM

  · Mem impairments of AAs confined to DM + tasks that require DM

  · AAs are able to form LT NDM

  o 1st demonstrated by HM-> one of first studies-> involved learning a mirror tracing task (1950s/60s)
• How do we know that LTM Non-declarative memory can be formed in people w/ amnesia? (HINT: star)

  How did we investigate this?

  · AAs are able to form LT NDM

  o 1st demonstrated by HM-> one of first studies-> involved learning a mirror tracing task (1950s/60s)

  
  

  Task:

  10 tries to draw around the star without crossing the lines on 3 consecutive days. Scored as number of line crossings (errors) per attempt

  
• Non-declarative memory in amnesia results: How was HM's performance in the mirror tracing task?

  HM could not remember doing the task (no DM) but bc he clearly improved in perf-> he must have learned something (NDM) but wasn't able to describe/ consciously recall/declare what he had learnt

  
• Non-declarative memory in amnesia 2:

  What did this study involve?

  · A more comprehensive study with control participants was conducted on another profound anterograde amnesic known as Boswell

  · A pursuit rotor task was used

  · Training phase on one day consisted of five 30 second trials (score = time on target)

  
• Non-declarative memory in amnesia 2 Results:


  · Subsequently, two retention tests were administered. One 20 minutes after the training, the other 2 years later

  
  

  · However, if ask controls-> declare it (describe task) but Boswell couldn't

  
• Short-term memory (STM)


  Memory for holding information temporarily
• Long-term memory (LTM)


  Memory for storing information for a prolonged period