EXAM

• Hydrometeorological Hazards - Caused by extreme meteorological and climate events such as floods, droughts, hurricanes, tornadoes or landslides.
• Debris Avalanche - Massive collapse of a volcano, usually triggered by an earthquake or volcanic eruption.
• Debris Avalanche - Volcanic landslide
• Lava Flows - are stream-like flows of incandescent molten rock erupted from a crater or fissure
• Volcanic Glasses - gases and aerosols released into the atmosphere
• Floods - are often caused by heavy rainfall, rapid snowmelt or a storm surge from a tropical cyclone or tsunami in coastal areas.
• Flash flood - is a sudden rush of water over dry land, usually caused by a lot of rain
• Lahars - Rapidly flowing thick mixture of volcanic sediments (pyroclastic materials) and water.
• Earthquake - A feeble shaking to violent trembling of the ground produced by the sudden displacement of rocks or rock materials below the earth’s surface.
• Fault - A feeble shaking to violent trembling of the ground produced by the sudden displacement of rocks or rock materials below the earth’s surface.
• LONG TERM:

  EL NINO

  EL NINA

  SEA LEVEL RISE
• SHORT TERM:

  TYPHOONS

  THUNDERSTORM

  FLOODS

  STORM SURGE
• VOLCANIC HAZARDS - are phenomena arising from volcanic activity that pose potential threat.
• ASHFALL -  showers of airborne fine - to coarse -grained volcanic particles that fallout from the plumes of a volcanic eruption.
• TSUNAMI -  Japanese word that means “harbour wave”
• TSUNAMI - a sudden displacement on the ocean floor caused by large-scale earthquakes.
• EARTHQUAKE INDUCED LANDSLIDE - landslide may happen during or after an earthquake when a weakened section of land falls off primarily due to gravity
• SURGES -  are the more dilute, more mobile derivatives or pyroclastic flows.
• FAULT -  refers to a fracture, fissure or a zone of weakness on the Earth’s crust where movement or displacement has occurred or may occur again.
• SINKHOLE -  is a depression or hole in the ground caused by some form of collapse of the surface layer.
• LIQUEFACTION -  this occurs when seismic shaking causes loose materials in the soil to mix with groundwater or soil saturated with water.  
• GROUND SHAKING - caused by the passage of seismic waves, forms  of energy that travel through the different layers of the earth. caused by vibration or movement
• GROUND RUPTURE - occurs when ground movement happens on a fault line and break through to the surface .
• RIVER BANK EROSION - is the wearing away of the banks of a stream or rive
• COASTAL EROSION - is the loss or displacement of land, or the long - term removal of sediment and rocks along the coastline due to the action of waves, currents, tides. wind
• PYROCLASTIC FLOWS - are turbulent mass of ejected fragmented volcanic materials (ash and rocks), mixed with hot gases that flow downslope at very high speeds.