enzymes

• Enzymes


  Functional proteins or nucleic acids (Ribozymes) that facilitate the execution of biochemical reactions at rates suitable for normal functioning, growth, and proliferation of living systems
• Enzymes


  • They can remain viable and perform catalytic activities even outside their source organism, allowing them to be exploited for industrial processes that rely on chemical transformations
• Digestive and metabolic enzymes


  Can be used alone or with other therapies to treat diseases like leukemia, skin ulcers, cardiovascular diseases, Parkinson's, inflammation, digestive disorders, pancreatic disorders; also used in diagnosis, investigation, and monitoring of diseases
• Amylolytic enzymes/Carbohydrases


  Include diastase, amylase, salivary diastase, pancreatic diastase, invertase, zymase, emulsin
• Esterases


  Include lipase, pectase, steapsin, urease

  
• Proteolytic enzymes


  Include pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, papain, fibrinolysin, streptokinase, urokinase
• Oxidizing enzymes


  Include peroxidases, thrombin, zymase
• Malt


  • Obtained from barley, contains malt diastase that converts starch to maltose, used in brewing and alcohol industries
• Diastase


  Obtained from malt, can convert 50x its weight of starch into sugars
• Lactase


  Commercially from Saccharomyces lactis, used as Lactaid to help digest dairy products

  
• Pepsin


  Proteolytic enzyme from the stomach lining of hogs, assists gastric digestion, often combined with pancreatin
• Pancreatin


  Substance containing enzymes like amylase, lipase, and protease, obtained from the pancreas of hogs or oxen, used as a digestive aid and to treat pancreatic deficiencies
• Pancrelipase


  More concentrated form of pancreatin, used as a digestive aid to increase fat absorption and control steatorrhea
• Papain


  Proteolytic enzyme from the latex of unripe papaya fruit, used as a digestant, meat tenderizer, and in contact lens solutions
• Chymopapain


  Proteolytic enzyme from papaya latex, injected into herniated disks to dissolve part of the disk and relieve pain
• Bromelains


  Protein-digesting and milk-clotting enzymes from pineapple, used to reduce inflammation and edema, and accelerate tissue repair

  
• Trypsin


  Proteolytic enzyme from the pancreas, used as a digestive aid, in combination with other enzymes for osteoarthritis, and for debridement of lesions
• Chymotrypsin


  Proteolytic enzyme from the pancreas, available as an ophthalmic solution
• Hyaluronidase


  Mucolytic enzyme that depolymerizes hyaluronic acid, acts as a spreading and diffusing factor

  
• Sources of enzymes


  • Fungus
  • Plants
  • Bacteria
• Commercial use


  Pancreas of livestock
• Uses of enzymes


  • Digestive aid
  • Treatment of osteoarthritis and many other conditions (in combination with bromelain and rutin)
  • Debridement of necrotic and pyogenic surface lesions (orally, topically, or by inhalation or local injection)
• Trypsin


  Notable enzyme
• Chymotrypsin


  Proteolytic enzyme crystallized from an extract of the pancreas gland of the ox, Bos taurus Linné (Fam. Bovidae)

  
• Chymotrypsin contains not less than 1000 USP chymotrypsin units in each mg
• Chymotrypsin


  Occurs as a white to yellowish white, odorless, crystalline or amorphous powder
• Chymotrypsin for ophthalmic solution


  Available form
• Hyaluronidase


  Mucolytic enzyme capable of depolymerizing and catalyzing hyaluronic acid and similar hexosamine-containing polysaccharides

  
• Hyaluronidase


  Spreading and diffusing factor
• Sources of hyaluronidase


  • Human testes
  • Various bacterial cultures as a metabolic product
  • Heads of leeches
  • Snake venoms
• Hyaluronidase for injection


  Spreading agent
• Streptokinase


  Purified bacterial protein elaborated by group C B-hemolytic streptococci
• Streptokinase


  Acts to convert plasminogen to the proteolytic enzyme plasmin, which degrades not only fibrin clots but also fibrinogen and other plasma proteins
• Uses of streptokinase


  • Pulmonary embolism
  • Deep vein thrombosis
  • Arterial thrombosis
  • Embolism
  • Arteriovenous cannula occlusion
  • Coronary artery thrombosis
• Urokinase


  Enzyme isolated from human urine or obtained from human kidney cells by tissue culture techniques
• Urokinase


  Acts on the endogenous fibrinolytic system, converting plasminogen to the enzyme plasmin, which degrades fibrin clots as well as fibrinogen and other plasma proteins
• Uses of urokinase


  • Treatment of pulmonary embolism
  • Treatment of coronary artery thrombosis
  • Restoring the patency of intravenous catheters
• Urokinase


  Reduced probability of serious allergic reactions, presumably owing to its human origin
• Usual dosage regimen of urokinase


  Priming dose followed by administration of 4400 units per kg of body weight per hour for 12 hours by IV infusion
• Fibrinolysin


  Protease in the blood serum and the inactive precursor, profibrinolysin (or plasminogen), in plasma