Nutrition

• Preschool age period

  1 to 6 years of age
• School age

  6 to 12 years of age, characterized by more quiet, stable changes compared with the extremes of growth and development seen in infancy and adolescence
• Nutrition requirement for 1-2 and 3-5 years old


  • Energy - 920 - 1000 kcal; 1260-1350 kcal
  • Protein - 17 - 18 g; 21 - 22 g
  • Vitamin A - 400mcg; 400mcg
  • Calcium - 500mg; 550mg
  • Iron - 8mg; 9mg
  • Fluoride - 0.6mg; 0.9mg
  • Vitamin D - 5mg; 5mg
• Nutrition requirement for 6-9 and 10-12 years old


  • Energy - 1470 - 1600 kcal; 1470 - 1600 kcal
  • Protein - 29 - 30 g; 46 - 43 g
  • Vitamin A - 400mcg; 500 mcg
  • Calcium - 700mg; 1000mg
  • Iron - 9 - 10mg; 20 - 12mg
  • Fluoride - 1.1 - 1.2mg; 1.8 - 1.7mg
  • Vitamin D - 5mg ; 5mg
• Common nutrition problems

  • PEM
  • Obesity
  • Dental caries
• Dental caries affects 98% of children and is a widespread public health problem
• Prevention of dental caries

  • Eat fermentable sticky foods with protein such as cheese, nuts and meats
  • Restrict sugary foods to mealtimes
  • Brushing immediately after eating sugary foods
  • Decrease the practice of allowing children to go to sleep with a bottle containing juice, milk or other sugar-containing fluid
  • Daily oral hygiene should be developed
  • Provide low sucrose snacks
  • Desserts and sweets should be incorporated into meals
  • Schedule routine dental examination
• Factors influencing food intake

  • Family
  • Peers
  • Schools
  • Societal trends
  • Media
• Senescence


  The process of growing old or the period of old age
• Gerontology


  The study of the phenomena of old age
• Geriatrics


  Treatment of accompanying diseases in gerontology
• Effects of being old

  • Gastrointestinal effects
  • Circulatory effects
  • Excretory effects
  • Endocrine effects
  • Nervous effects
  • Respiratory effects
  • Musco-skeletal effects
• Gastrointestinal effects


  Decreased taste thresholds, decreased motility, diminished secretion of digestive enzymes, decreased number of absorbing cells all result in constipation and poor nutrient absorption
• Circulatory effects


  Decreased myocardial ability to use oxygen, slow rate of blood flow
• Excretory effects


  Diminished amount of functioning nephrons and slow excretion of wastes
• Endocrine effects


  Decreased production of hormones resulting in decreased cellular metabolism and ability to withstand stress
• Nervous effects


  Slow reflex reaction
• Respiratory effects


  Decreased maximum breathing capacity
• Musco-skeletal effects


  Decreased in muscular strength, stooped posture and stiffened joints
• Decreased sense of smell and taste result in reduced appetite
• Poor oral health can lead to difficulty chewing, inflammation and monotonous diet
• Xerostomia


  Not a consequence of the aging process but may result from one or more factors affecting salivary secretions (emotions, drug therapy)
• Food debris will remain in the mouth due to lack of saliva, leading to dental caries
• Effects of lack of saliva

  • Hindering the chewing of food because it prevents the formation of a bolus
  • Making the mouth sore and chewing painful
  • Making swallowing difficult due to the loss of saliva's lubricating effect
  • Causing changes in the taste perception that decrease adequate food intake
• Painful, burning tongue


  Deficiency of B12, folic acid and iron
• Oral mucous membrane problems

  Burning sensation, pain and dryness of the mouth and cracks in the lips
• Temporomandibular joint pain


  Wearing down of teeth as a result of masticating very firm foods over many years, limitation in the opening of mouth leading to small-sized bolus of foods
• Nutritional requirement changes in the elderly

  • Calories: decreased
  • Carbohydrates and fats: starches than sugar and PUFA
  • Protein: normal requirement