E. Developmental Issues and Tasks

• Chromosomal Abnormalities


  • Down Syndrome
  • Klinefelter Syndrome
  • Fragile X Syndrome
  • Turner Syndrome
  • XYY Syndrome
  • Edward's Syndrome
  • Patau's Syndrome
• Down Syndrome


  Extra copy of chromosome 21
• Klinefelter Syndrome


  Extra X Chromosome (XXY)
• Fragile X Syndrome


  Abnormality in X chromosome causes ID
• Turner Syndrome


  Missing X chromosome for females
• XYY Syndrome


  Extra Y chromosome
• Edward's Syndrome


  Extra copy of chromosome 18
• Patau's Syndrome


  Extra copy of chromosome 13
• Gene-Linked Abnormalities


  • Cystic Fibrosis
  • Diabetes
  • Hemophilia
  • Huntington's
  • Phenylketonuria
  • Sickle-Cell Anemia
  • Spina Bifida
  • Tay-Sachs Disease
  • Anencephaly
  • Polycystic Kidney Disease
  • Alpha antitrypsin Deficiency
  • Alpha Thalassemia
  • Beta Thalassemia
  • Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy
• Cystic Fibrosis


  Overproduction of mucus in the lungs and digestive tract
• Diabetes


  Does not produce enough insulin
• Hemophilia


  Delayed blood clotting
• Huntington's


  CNS deteriorates producing problem in muscles and mental decline
• Phenylketonuria


  Build up of Phenylalanine in the body
• Sickle-Cell Anemia


  Limits body oxygen supply
• Spina Bifida


  Incompletely closed spinal canal
• Tay-Sachs Disease


  Accumulation of lipids in the NS
• Anencephaly


  Absence of brain tissue
• Polycystic Kidney Disease


  Enlarged Kidneys
• Alpha antitrypsin Deficiency


  Cirrhosis of the liver in early infancy
• Alpha Thalassemia


  Severe Anemia; nearly all die soon after birth
• Beta Thalassemia


  Severe Anemia; fatal in adolescence or Young adulthood
• Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy


  Males with muscle weakness, minor mental retardation
• Causes of Anoxia


  • Umbilical cord becomes pinched or tangled at birth
  • Breech position during birth
• Effects of Anoxia


  • Poor reflexes, seizures, heart rate irregularities, and breathing difficulties
  • Increases the risk of learning or intellectual disabilities and speech difficulties
• Low Birth Weight Infants

  Weigh less than 5 pounds and 8 ounces at birth
• Very Low birth Weight

  Less than 3 pounds 4 ounces
• Extremely Low Birth


  Less than 2 pounds
• Pre-term Infants


  Born three weeks or more before pregnancy reach full term (before the completion of 37 weeks of gestation)
• Small for Date Infants


  Those whose birth weight is below normal when the length of pregnancy is considered
• Progestin


  Might help in reducing preterm birth
• Extremely Preterm


  Born less than 28 weeks gestation
• Very Preterm


  Less than 33 weeks
• Kangaroo Care


  Involves skin-to-skin contact in which the baby, wearing only diaper, is held upright against the parent's bare chest to help stabilize the preterm's heartbeat, temp, and breathing
• Respiratory Distress Syndrome


  Lack of surfactant (lung-coating substance) that keeps air sacs from collapsing
• Postmature Babies


  Tend to be long and this because they have kept growing in the womb but have had an insufficient blood supply toward the end of gestation
• Sudden Infant Death Syndrome


  Crib death; sudden death of an infant under age 1 which cause of death remains unexplained
• Critical Issues related to physical, cognitive, socio-emotional development during Prenatal Development


  • Miscarriages
  • Stillbirth
• Spontaneous Abortion (Miscarriage)


  Expulsion from the uterus of an embryo that is unable to survive outside the womb
• Stillbirth


  Miscarriage occurred after 20 weeks of gestation (approx. 5 months)