ORAL COM

• Communicative strategies


  • Nomination
  • Restriction
  • Turn-Taking
  • Topic Control
  • Topic Shifting
  • Repair
  • Termination
• Nomination


  Used to open a conversation and establish a topic
• Restriction


  Any limitation a speaker may use, discussing only what is related to the topic
• Turn-Taking


  The process in which people decide who takes the conversational floor, to give everyone a chance to speak
• Topic Control


  How procedural or informality affects the development of topic conversation, more restricted than casual conversation
• Topic Shifting


  Moving from one topic to another, where one part of the conversation ends and another begins
• Repair


  How the speaker addresses the problems in speaking, listening, and comprehending in a conversation
• Termination


  Close-initiating of the participants in the conversation, the topic initiator takes responsibility to signal the end
• Purposes of speech writing


  • To inform
  • To entertain
  • To persuade
• Informative speech


  Provides the audience with a clear understanding of the concept or idea presented
• Entertainment speech


  Provides the audience with amusement
• Persuasive speech


  Provides the audience with well-argued ideas that can influence their own beliefs and decisions
• Narrowing down a topic means making your main idea more specific and focused
• Writing patterns help organize the ideas related to your topic, examples are biographical, categorical/topical, causal, chronological, comparison/contrast, problem-solution, and spatial
• Outline


  A hierarchical list that shows the relationship of your ideas, experts state that once your outline is ready, two-thirds of your speech writing is finished
• Elements of an outline


  • Introduction
  • Body
  • Conclusion
• Introduction


  The foundation of the speech, to get the attention of the audience and present the subject or main idea

  
• Articulation


  How you pronounce the words and speak with clear diction to transmit your message effectively
• Modulation


  The capability to adjust or manipulate the resonance and timbre of the vocal tone, speaking with the right tone and pitch
• Tips on mastering modulation


  • Tempo and pitch must vary according to your message
  • Speaking too fast can suggest lack of confidence
  • Keep to the normal speed of 125 words per minute
  • Keep the stresses generally on the second syllable, if speaking in English
  • Speak loud enough such that the listener will not need to cup his ears to listen
  • Pause for a moment in between sentences to control your speed
  • Avoid non fluencies such as "er", "unh" and "umm"
  • Minimize use of offensive and patronizing phrases such as "I mean," "what I meant" "understand?"
• Stage Presence


  Speaking in public without or with managed fear, the ability to make the audience connect with the performer and envelop them in the story being told
• Facial Expressions, gestures and movement


  Nonverbal cues that reinforce, clarify and complement the message of any speech
• Audience Rapport


  The speaker's connection with the listeners, the speech should be appealing to the audience
• Tips for effective speech delivery


  • Use a conversational style more often. Speak naturally.
  • Look your audience in the eye so they will feel important.
  • Adjust your volume to the size of your audience and the venue.
  • Vary your rate or speed to keep your audience interested and to avoid a monotone pattern.
  • Master your voice and find your pitch level.
  • Use pauses when you emphasize the most important words, phrases or sentences.
  • Pronounce and enunciate words correctly.
  • Avoid fillers or expressions that substitute actual words in your speech because these words are distracting.
  • Start your speech by standing straight and balancing your weight.
  • Use precise movements. Avoid distracting mannerisms like swaying back and forth, leaning on the podium and licking or biting your lips.
  • Avoid having a poker face or a highly animated face. This is distracting and Annoyin
  • Dress properly and appropriately.
  • Observe ethics by coming prepared, being honest with your words, being polite, and avoiding offensive words.
  • Breathe in and out to relax before your speech. Have fun.