evaluate hardiness

• supporting evidence

  • Bartone - military soldiers, low level of hardness had increased vulnerability to stress and PTSD
  • hardiness with all elements does have an effect to protect against negative health effects
• contradictory evidence

  • incomplete and doesn't fully explain the response to stress
  • biological explanation prove stress is an evolutionary response to threats for purpose of survival
  • unclear how hardy personality fulfills survival response as an incomplete explanation
• issue with measuring

  • relies on self report studies - there is concern for social desirability
  • number of different scales used, great confusion when comparing studies
  • funk 1992 - recommends a more uniform approach using DRS- better measuring all components
• report of all 3 elements

  • Sandvik - Norwegian navy cadets found those with unbalances personality - high commitment and control but low change are likely to suffer with immunospression than those with all 3