Learners who are Exceptional

• People with and without disabilities have a right to exercise self-determination
• Handicap: an impediment to the learning and functioning of a person who has a disability which is imposed on that person; A disadvantage for a given individual that prevents the fulfillment of a role that is considered normal (depending on sex, age, and social and cultural factors) for that individual.
• 1817, established the first American residential school, in Hartford, Connecticut, for students who were deaf (now known as the American School of the Deaf). Gallaudet University in Washington, D.C., the only liberal-arts college for students who are deaf, was named in his honor

  Thomas Hopkins Gallaudet
• General Education: it is the system of education designed to meet the needs of general classroom as a whole.
• Republic Act 9442: An Act Amending Republic Act No. 7277, otherwise known as the “Magna Carta for Disabled Persons, and for Other Purposes.”
• Orthopedic Impairment: restricted movements or lack of control over movement due to muscle, bone, or joint problems, it caused due to disease or accidents
• The term "at risk" is often not clearly defined, but it generally refers to students who perform or behave poorly in school and appear likely to fail or fall far of their potential. Some advocates of reform suggest that this students should not be distinguished from those with mild disabilities while other advocates argue that the problems of this students tend to be ignored because special education resources from general education.
• The LRE for children with disabilities depend on each child’s unique needs. It’s important to know that the school district cannot use a “one size fits all” approach to educating children who have disabilities.
• Disabilities: Involves a limitation on a person’s functioning that restricts the individual’s abilities; any restriction or lack of ability to perform an activity in a manner or within the range considered normal for a human being.
• Instrumental in founding the Perkins School for the Blind in Watertown, Massachusetts, and taught students who were deaf and blind.

  Samuel Gridley Howe
• People with disabilities should exercise personal control of their lives

  Self-Determination
• Educators often use the term inclusion to describe teaching students with disabilities in the same environment as their age peers who don’t have disabilities.
• Differs in some way from the average.

  Exceptional Learners
• Out of control behavior

  Aggressive
• Specially designed instruction that meets the unusual needs of an exceptional student and that might require special materials, teaching techniques, or equipment and/or facilities.

  Special Education
• Section 508 of the Rehabilitation Act: requires that federal agencies must ensure equal access by those with and without disabilities to new electronic and information technology as well as information and services
• Levels of Mental Retardation:

  1. Mild Retardation
  2. Moderate Mental Retardation
  3. Severe Mental Retardation
  4. Profound Mental Retardation
• During the closing years of the 18th century: following the American and French Revolutions, effective procedures were devised for teaching children with sensory impairments (i.e., those who were blind or deaf; Winzer, 1993)
• Dyslexia: Difficulty with phonological skills and comprehension; severe reading and spelling learning disability
• Individualized Education Programs: the legal document that describes the educational services a student receives; vary greatly in format and detail from one child to another and from one school district to another
• Anxiety and Fear: Involves a vague, highly unpleasant feeling of fear and apprehension
• Sensory Disorder (Visual Impairment, and Hearing Impairment): Refers to our ability to take in information through our senses (touch, movement, smell, taste, vision.)
• Range from students with disabilities or other hardships that prevent them from participating in the traditional classroom.

  Exceptional Learners
• Special education law requires placement of the student in the least restrictive environment, meaning the student should be separated from nondisabled classmates and from home, family, and community as little as possible.
• Schools generally use five methods to help students with disabilities participate in the general education classroom:

  1. Collaborative consultation
  2. Cooperative teaching and other team arrangements
  3. Curricula and instructional strategies
  4. Accommodations and adaptations
  5. Training general education teachers to accommodate diversity
• French physician who was an authority on diseases of the ear and on the education of deaf students

  Jean Marc Gastard Itard
• Feelings of worthlessness

  Depression
• Related services: special transportation, psychological assessment, physical and occupational therapy, medical treatment, and counseling—might be necessary if special education is to be effective.
• Language Disorder: persistent difficulties in the acquisition and use of language across modalities
• Community integration: assimilating and welcoming people with disabilities into the larger community; enables persons with disabilities to fully participate in life at the same level as nondisabled individuals.
• ADHD: Inattention, Hyperactivity, Impulsivity
• Is more precisely controlled in pace or rate, intensity, relentlessness, structure, reinforcement, teacher pupil ratio, curriculum, and monitoring or assessment

  Special Education
• A person might have problems or special talents in thinking, seeing, hearing, speaking, socializing, or moving.

  Exceptional Learners
• Early in the 19th century: the first systematic attempts were made to educate “idiotic” and “insane” children—those who today are said to have intellectual disabilities and emotional or behavioral disorders (or emotional disturbance; Kauffman & Landrum, 2006; Stichter et al., 2008)
• Autism Spectrum Disorder: Persistent deficits in social communication and social interaction across multiple contexts.
• Collaborative consultation: the special education teacher or psychologist acts as an expert who provides advice to the general education teacher.
• Lifelong, poor academic records, high dropout rates, poor employment and postsecondary education records

  Learning Disabilities
• Speech Disorders:

  • Articulation
  • Voice
  • Fluency
• Samuel Gridley Howe: His success in teaching Laura Bridgman, who was deaf and blind, greatly influenced the education of Helen Keller; In the 1840s, Howe was also a force behind the organization of an experimental school for children with intellectual disabilities [mental retardation] and was personally acquainted with Séguin.
• Special Education: it is a separate system of education designed to cater the needs of the students who are physically, mentally, emotionally, or socially delayed.