RAWS

• Context


  Refers to the situation or occasion that informs the reader why a certain text is written & how it is written. It is like the "main topic" that is being written and anything that follows after it is connected to what is being talked about.
• Two Types of Contexts in Text Development


  • Intertext
  • Hypertext
• Intertext


  It is the shaping of the text's meaning by another text. From the word "inter", it means that there is a connection between the text being read and another separate text. It is also a type of literary device that creates an interrelationship between text and generates related understanding in separated works.
• Elaborating Intertext Methods


  • Retelling
  • Quotation
  • Allusion
  • Pastiche
• Hypertext


  It is text displayed on a computer display or other electronic devices with references to other text that the reader can immediately access. Hypertext documents are interconnected by hyperlinks, which are typically activated by a mouse click, keypress set, or screen touch.
• Hypertext


  • Allows readers to choose their way of reading the text that it speaks to them in the most logical manner individually
  • There is more freedom to the reader in seeking for more information
  • It removes the burden of making meaning from the author to the reader
• Hypertext Sample


  • Inside Out is a 2015 American 3D computer-animated comedy-drama adventure film[6] produced by Pixar and released by Walt Disney Pictures. Directed and co-written by Pete Docter, the film is set in the mind of a young girl, Riley Andersen (Kaitlyn Dias), where five personified emotions—Joy (Amy Poehler), Sadness (Phyllis Smith), Fear (Bill Hader), Anger (Lewis Black), and Disgust (Mindy Kaling)—try to lead her through life as her parents (Diane Lane and Kyle MacLachlan) move the family to a new city. The film was co-directed and co-written by Ronnie del Carmen and produced by Jonas Rivera, with music composed by Michael Giacchino.
• Types of academic writing


  • Book Review
  • Literature Review
  • Research Report
  • Project Proposal
  • Position Paper
• Book Review


  Describes and evaluates a work of fiction or nonfiction and offers the book's overall purpose, structure, and style of narration to the unknown readers
• Writing a book review

  1. Combine skills of describing the content of the pages

  2. Analyzing how the book achieved its purpose

  3. Expressing your most personal comments, reactions, and suggestions
• Book review title


  • Based on your total impression of a book
• Length of book review


  • Depends upon the length of the book itself, and a review should not be less than 100 words. Longer books usually ask for more than 500 words.
• How to start writing a book review


  1. Identify the book by author, title, and sometimes publishing information

  2. Specify the type of book (for example: fiction, nonfiction, biography, and autobiography)

  3. Mention the book's theme

  4. Include background, if necessary, to enable reader/s to place the book into a specific context

  5. Use an interesting quote, an interesting fact, or an explanation of a concept or term
• What to do with the content of a book review


  1. For nonfiction books: Pay primary attention to the author's argument and to the sources the author has drawn upon to back up his/her point of view

  2. For fictional works: Pay attention primarily to the novel or book's setting, plot, style, characters, theme/s, use of language and voice. Caution: Do not give away the story for no one appreciates a spoiler!

  3. Provide your reactions to the book

  4. Describe the book

  5. Respond to the author's opinions and analyze it

  6. Explore issues the book raises
• How to conclude a book review

  1. Relate your argument to other books or authors

  2. Relate the book to larger issues

  3. Tie together issues raised in the review

  4. Briefly restate your main points and your thesis statement

  5. Indicate how well the book has achieved its goal, what possibilities are suggested by the book, what the book has left out, how the book compares to others on the subject, what specific points are not convincing, and what personal experiences you've had related to the subject
• How to revise a book review draft

  1. Allow time to elapse, at least a day, before starting your revision

  2. Correct grammatical mistakes and punctuation as you find them

  3. Read your paper through again looking for unity, organization, and logical development

  4. If necessary, do not hesitate to make major revisions in your draft

  5. Verify quotations for accuracy and check the format and content of references
• Literature Review


  A type of academic essay that examines what has already been written about a topic and what has already been done regarding your research question or problem
• Literature Review


  Summarizes and synthesizes the conducted research driven by guiding principles. Although it is not a research paper, it provides background for your problem and a rationale for your research
• Sections of a Literature Review


  • Introduction
  • Main Body
  • Conclusion
  • References
• Introduction


  • Defines the topic and the scope being considered
  • Notes intentional exclusions
  • States the general findings of the review and the availability of the sources
• Main Body


  • Organizes the evaluation of the sources whether chronologically or thematically
  • Showcases the critical summary and evaluation of the research premise, methodology, and conclusion
  • Uses grammatical connectors, relational words or phrases, and transitional devices
• Conclusion


  • Summarizes the key findings of the review
  • Offers the reviewer's justification of the conducted research
• References


  • Reflects the in-text citations
  • Contains complete and correct citations
• Components of a Research Report

  • Abstract
  • Title
  • Introduction
  • Methodology
  • References
  • Result & Discussion
• Research Report


  A long, formal essay, usually five to fifteen pages in length, which presents the writer's views and findings on a chosen subject
• Title


  It reflects the content and emphasis of the project described in the report. Similarly, it should be as short as possible, including essential key words
• Abstract


  An overview of the research study and is typically two to four paragraphs in length containing 200-300 words. Think of it as an executive and technical summary that distills the key elements of the remaining sections into a few sentences
• Introduction


  It provides the key question that the researcher is attempting to answer and a review of any literature that is relevant. In addition, the researcher will provide a rationale of why the research is important and will present a hypothesis that attempts to answer the key question. Lastly, it should contain a summary of the key question following the completion of the research
• Methodology


  This is arguably the most important section for two reasons: (1) it allows readers to evaluate the quality of the research, and (2) it provides the details by which another researcher may replicate and validate the findings. Typically, the information in the methodology section is arranged in chronological order
• Results


  In longer research papers, the results section contains the data and perhaps a short introduction. Ideally, the interpretation of the data and the analysis is reserved for the discussion section
• Discussion


  This section is where the results of the study are interpreted and evaluated against the existing body or literature. In addition, should there be any anomalies found in the results, this is where the authors point them out. Finally, it is an attempt to connect the results to the bigger picture and show how the results might be applied
• References


  This section provides a list of each author and paper cited in the research report. Any fact, idea, or direct quotation used in the report should be cited and referenced
• Project Proposal


  A document that is written for problem solving, service provision, event planning, or equipment selling. They are persuasive documents that need to highlight reader benefits, prove your credibility in carrying out the project, and allow the reader to respond easily
• Project Proposal


  A proposal stands out depending on its ability to clearly answer questions: What is being proposed? How the plan will be carried out? When will it be implemented? How much money will be needed or spent?
• Gathering the Data


  One of the characteristics of an effective proposal is being well-researched. You can gather data from primary and secondary sources and apply the strategies that you learned in writing a research paper in the previous lessons
• Organizing the Data


  A proposal becomes more effective if the information on it is clearly organized. You can use the parts of the proposal to guide you in your organization or use an outline to structure your discussion more effectively
• Writing the Proposal


  Fill out the parts of the proposal with the relevant data
• Revising the Proposal


  Make sure to review your proposal for accuracy and organization before you send it out. A good proposal will be comprehensive and will put your organization in the best light
• Formatting the Project Proposal


  Proposals are primarily categorized according to their length. An informal proposal is about 2-4 pages long. Meanwhile, a formal proposal has 5 or more pages
• Parts of a Project Proposal

  • Introduction
  • Project Description