molecular genetics

• what is the SF of chromosome: structure— compact structure containing one highly condensed DNA molecule wrapped around proteins. function— contain one DNA molecule which carries genetic information
• what is the SF of DNA: structure— 2 strands of polynucleotides twisted around one another to form a DNA double helix. DNA is wrapped around proteins to form single chromatin thread. it coils tightly to form chromosomes during cell division. function— contain genetic information that is used to synthesise specific polypeptides
• define gene: a gene is a unit of inheritance borne on a particular locus of a chromosome. it is a sequence of nucleotides, as part of a DNA molecule in a chromosome that codes for one polypeptides (via transcription & translation) which controls a particular characteristic in an organism
• describe the structure of DNA: DNA is found in the nucleus of cells contains genetic information that determines the characteristics of an organism. Each DNA molecule is made up of 2 polynucleotide strands twisted around one another to form a double helix structure. The basic unit of DNA os nucleotide, consisting of a phosphate group, pentose sugar and a nitrogenous base— adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine. the 2 polynucleotide strands are joined tgt by complementary base pairing. adenine will from hydrogen bonds with thymine, cytosine will form hydrogen bonds with guanine
• what is a transgenic organism: an organism that received a foreign gene from another organism
• describe the process of genetical engineering: a restriction enzyme is used to cut a section of DNA containing the human insulin gene, creating stick
• describe the process of genetical engineering: a restriction enzyme is used to cut a section of DNA containing the human insulin gene, creating sticky ends. the same restriction enzyme is used to cut a plasmid producing complementary sticky ends. mix the plasmid and insulin gene. the human insulin gene will bind to the plasmid DNA via complementary base pairing, forming recombinant plasmid. DNA ligase is used to seal the nick. it is them inserted back to the bacterium via heat/electric shock to open up the pores of the cell surface membrane, forming a transgenic bacterium
• what are some ethical considerations of GE: allergies in human, animal testing, not accessible to everyone