AP Psych Review

• Student of Wundt. Popularized psychology and was interested in the conscious mind. Sought to understand the mind's structure and focused on elements like sensation, perception, emotion, etc.

  Edward Bradford Titchener
• Believed in tabula rasa, the idea that the mind is blank and gains knowledge through experience

  John Locke
• Founded the scientific method

  Francis Bacon
• The idea that knowledge should be gained through observation


  Empiricism
• What ideology led to empiricism?

  Tabula Rasa
• The view that certain skills of abilities are hard wired into the brain at birth


  Nativism
• Developed the first psychology laboratory in Germany

  William Wundt
• Analyzed consciousness by looking at how experiences and biological processes make up conscious experience through introspection

  Structuralism
• The process of describing thoughts, feelings, and emotions. Involves asking subjects to reflect on their current state of consciousness by responding to objects and other stimuli

  Introspection
• Established the school of functionalism. Believed that the mind experiences thoughts as a flow of changing sensations, emotions and ideas.

  William James
• Branch of psychology that focused on how mental and behavioral processes function- how they enable an organism to adapt, survive, and flourish. Focused on observable events rather than unobservable

  Functionalism
• School of thought that focused on the study of consciousness that included the study of perception, sensation, learning, and problem solving. Emphasis on the whole of consciousness being greater than the sum of its parts

  Gestalt
• First woman admitted as a grad student under William James at Harvard. First woman APA president, posthumous Ph.d from Harvard. 


  Mary Whiton Calkin
• First female Ph.D from Harvard; advisor was Titchener. banned from org. of experimental psychologists. 


  Margaret Flay Washburn
• The study of the measurement of human abilities, traits, and attitudes

  Psychometrics
• The tendency to believe that one knew or predicted something after learning the outcome

  Hindsight Bias
• A carefully worded statement of the exact procedures in a study. (Ex: Sleep deprived = x hours of sleep or less)

  Operational Defintion
• Repeating the essence of a research study, with different subjects and circumstances, to see if the findings of the original study can be applied to all other situations

  Replication
• A technique in which one individual or group is experimented on, with the hope that the findings can be applied to everyone else.

  Case Study
• Observing Behaviors in natural situations that are not controlled or manipulated for the purpose of an experiment. 


  Naturalistic observation
• A technique for obtaining self-reported attitudes among a group, done through questioning. Usually a less in depth look at a case, done to get an estimate. 


  Survey
• A flawed sampling process that produces an unrepresentative sample

  Sampling bias
• Everyone in a group being studied, from which samples may be drawn

  Population
• What degree the results of a study can be applied to different populations

  Generalizability
• When a researcher follows the same participant or group for a long time

  Longitudinal Studies
• compares two different groups at one place in time

  Cross sectional study
• A statistical index of the relationship between two variables

  correlational coefficient
• The perception of a relationship where none exists

  Illusory correlation
• school of thought that analyzed consciousness by looking at how experiences and biological processes make up consious experience through introspection

  Structuralism
• When the control group, experimental group, and research assistants all don't know which group is receiving a treatment

  double blind procedure
• A factor that isn't independent that might produce an effect

  Confounding variables
• The extent to which a test or experiment measures or predicts what it is supposed to

  Validity
• When people act different or unnaturally because they are aware they are being observed

  Hawthorne Effect
• Uses data from a sample to provide descriptions of the population studied, either through numerical calculations or graphs or tables. Provides an explanation for that sample data, not the larger population

  descriptive statistics
• Makes conclusions and predictions about larger populations using data drawn from the experimental population

  Inferential statistics
• chart how often an event occurs to see if there is a relationship.


  Frequency Distribution
• How far the scores differ from the mean

  Variability
• The difference between the lowest and highest values


  Range
• A computed measure of how much scores vary around the mean score

  Standard Deviation
• A bar graph depicting a frequency distribution

  Histogram