Health and illness new content

• Kidney functions (WETBREAD)


  Water removal

  Erythropoiesis

  Toxin removal

  Blood pressure

  Renin formation

  Electrolyte balance

  Acid base balance

  D vitamin D metabolism
• Most common cause of AKIs

  Acute tubular necrosis
• primary causes of acute tubular necrosis

  prolonged ischemia
• categories of AKIs


  prerenal, intrarenal, postrenal
• What AKI is a result of acute damage to renal tissues and nephrons or acute tubular necrosis?

  Intrarenal
• What AKI is a result of any condition that prevents excretion of urine?

  Postrenal
• Examples of causes of postrenal AKI causes (3)

  kidney stones, BPH, tumors
• What AKI is the most common and is a result of conditions that affect renal blood flow and perfusion?

  Prerenal
• T or F: prerenal AKIs can be reversed when blood flow is restored


  True
• Examples of causes of prerenal AKIs (3)

  Hypotension, dehydration, hemorrhage
• What phase of an AKI lasts hours to days and is when the insult occurs?

  Initiation
• What phase of an AKI causes a fall in GFR, oliguria, and tubular necrosis?

  Maintenance
• What phase of an AKI is the cellular repair, gradual return of GFR, and possible diuresis?

  Recovery
• What should you watch for during the recovery phase of an AKI?


  Dehydration
• Causes of chronic kidney injuries (3)

  diabetes, hypertension, chronic glomerulonephritis
• What is also called "nephrotic syndrome?"

  glomerulonephritis
• What is the accumulation of metabolic waste products that can affect all organs?


  Uremia
• Electrolyte imbalances with chronic kidney diseases (4)

  hyponatremia, hyperkalemia, hyperphosphatemia, hypocalcemia
• Clinical signs of chronic kidney diseases (6)

  diarrhea, constipation, oliguria, anuria, uremic frost, kussmaul breathing
• Normal specific gravity


  1.010-1.030
• What is specific gravity used to test?


  The kidneys ability to concentrate urine
• Normal blood urea nitrogen (BUN)


  7-20 mg/dL
• What does BUN and creatinine test?


  The ability of the kidneys to excrete waste
• Normal serum creatinine


  0.6-1.2 mg/dL
• Between BUN and creatinine, which one will appear elevated FIRST with kidney dysfunction?

  Creatinine
• Normal creatinine clearance


  85-150 mL/min
• What test is not done very often but is the best indicator of overall renal function?

  Creatinine clearance
• What is the protein needed to maintain growth and repair tissues?

  Albumin
• Which of the following values does NOT indicate kidney disease?

  A. Creatinine of 2.2 mg/dL

  B. BUN of 28 mg/dL

  C. Creatinine clearance of 88 mg/dL

  C
• During kidney diseases, albumin levels appear ______


  low
• What are the 3 types of dialysis?


  1. hemodialysis

  2. peritoneal dialysis

  3. continuous renal replacement therapy
• What type of dialysis removes electrolytes, waste products, excess water from body vira diffussion?

  Hemodialysis
• What is the ideal vascular access for hemodialysis for individuals who need it short term?

  double-lumen catheter
• What is the ideal vascular access for hemodialysis for individuals who need it long term?

  Arteriovenous fistula or graft
• T or F: An AV fistula should be put in the patients dominant arm for best results

  False
• What type of dialysis is instilled into peritoneal cavity through surgically placed abdominal catheter?

  Peritoneal dialysis
• Nutrition considerations for dialysis patients (4)


  HIGH calorie, RESTRICTED protein, LOW sodium, phosphorus, and potassium, vitamin supplements
• Specific foods that should be avoided with dialysis (7)


  tomato juice, whole wheat bread, apricots, coca cola, hot dogs, chocolate, star fruit
• Specific foods that should be limited with dialysis (3)

  Oatmeal, potatoes, milk
• Specific foods that are alright for dialysis patients to eat (4)

  Chicken breast, eggs, turnips, coffee