FIL. PERSONALITY (SEMI)

• Classical conditioning


  A form of learning whereby a conditioned stimulus becomes associated with an unrelated unconditioned stimulus, in order to produce a behavioral response known as a conditioned response
• Behavior therapy


  • An approach to psychotherapy that focuses on a set of methods designed to reinforce desired behaviors and eliminate undesired behaviors, without concerning itself with the psychoanalytic state of the subject
• Condition


  To shape the behavior of an individual or animal
• Desensitizing


  A behavior-therapy technique, is a kind of reverse conditioning in which an individual is repeatedly exposed to the thing that is causing the anxiety
• Flooding


  A behavior-therapy technique, is similar in that it exposes an individual to the thing causing the anxiety, but it does so in a more intense and prolonged way
• Classical conditioning


  • A form of learning whereby a conditioned stimulus (CS) becomes associated with an unrelated unconditioned stimulus (US) in order to produce a behavioral response known as a conditioned response (CR)
  • The conditioned response is the learned response to the previously neutral stimulus
  • The unconditioned stimulus is usually a biologically significant stimulus such as food or pain that elicits an unconditioned response (UR) from the start
  • The conditioned stimulus is usually neutral and produces no particular response at first, but after conditioning it elicits the conditioned response
• Extinction


  The decrease in the conditioned response when the unconditioned stimulus is no longer presented with the conditioned stimulus
• Pavlov's experiment


  1. Unconditioned response: Dogs' natural salivation in response to seeing or smelling food

  2. Unconditioned stimulus: The sight or smell of the food itself

  3. Conditioned stimulus: The ringing of the bell

  4. Conditioned response: The salivation of the dogs in response to the ringing of the bell, even when no food was present

  
• Influence of classical conditioning in humans


  • Phobias
  • Disgust
  • Nausea
  • Anger
  • Sexual arousal
• Conditioning helps shield an individual from harm or prepare them for important biological events, such as sexual activity
• Aversion therapy


  A type of behavior therapy designed to encourage individuals to give up undesirable habits by causing them to associate the habit with an unpleasant effect
• Systematic desensitization


  A treatment for phobias in which the individual is trained to relax while being exposed to progressively more anxiety-provoking stimuli
• Flooding


  A form of desensitization that uses repeated exposure to highly distressing stimuli until the lack of reinforcement of the anxiety response causes its extinction
• Operant conditioning


  • A process by which an organism learns from its physical environment
  • If a behavior is followed by reinforcement, that behavior is more likely to be repeated, but if it is followed by punishment, it is less likely to be repeated
• Skinner's experiments


  1. Placing rats in a Skinner box with a lever attached to a feeding tube

  2. Whenever a rat pressed the lever, food would be released

  3. Rats learned the association between the lever and food and began to spend more time procuring food

  4. Skinner created a "superstitious pigeon" by feeding it on continuous intervals and observing its behavior change based on what it had been doing before the food was dispensed

  
• Shaping


  A method of operant conditioning by which successive approximations of a target behavior are reinforced
• Types of reinforcement and punishment


  • Positive reinforcement
  • Negative reinforcement
  • Positive punishment
  • Negative punishment
• Positive reinforcement


  The provision of a reward or other benefit following a desirable action
• Negative reinforcement


  The removal of an undesirable or uncomfortable stimuli from a situation
• Positive punishment


  A stimuli imposed on a person when they behave in a particular way
• Negative punishment


  The removal of a benefit or privilege in response to undesirable behavior
• Extinction can result in the person or animal resuming their original behavior