MIGRATION AND EMPIRE

• 1. What technologies helped to promote migration beginning around the end of the nineteenth century?

  • railways, steamships, telegraph, and the penny post
• 1. What were some factors that prompted migration from Europe in the nineteenth century?


  • Factors prompting migration from Europe in the nineteenth century included escaping colonialism, starvation, industrial poverty, and seeking adventure in the "new world”
• 1. How did the abolition of slavery shift patterns of migration to the Caribbean?

  • The abolition of slavery shifted patterns of migration to the Caribbean by leading to the recruitment of contract or indentured laborers, primarily from India, China, and other regions, to replace enslaved labor
• 1. What factors limited Asian settlement in Australasia and the Americas in the early 20th century?


  • Factors limiting Asian settlement in Australasia and the Americas in the early 20th century included exclusion laws based on racist ideologies, such as the "White Australia" policy in Australia and similar restrictions in other regions
• 1. Why did many people from the Caribbean move to Britain in the period after the Second World War?


  • Many people from the Caribbean moved to Britain after the Second World War due to recruitment drives seeking labor for reconstruction efforts, as well as economic opportunities and the desire for better living conditions
• 1. What factors led to mass migration of Japanese civilians to Manchuria, Taiwan, and Micronesia in the 1930s?

  • Factors leading to mass migration of Japanese civilians to Manchuria, Taiwan, and Micronesia in the 1930s included Japan's militaristic expansionism, economic pressures, and government policies promoting colonization and settlement
• 1. To what extent do empires and migrations explain how various economic, social, and cultural factors contributed to the development of varied patterns of migration from 1750 to 1900?


  • Empires and migrations played significant roles in shaping varied patterns of migration from 1750 to 1900, with empires driving migration through colonial projects and economic exploitation, while migrations influenced economic, social, and cultural factors within imperial contexts
• 1. Were empires an important factor in causing and shaping patterns of migration in this period? Why or why not?


  • Yes, empires were important factors in causing and shaping patterns of migration in this period. Empires drove migration through colonial projects, labor recruitment, and economic exploitation, shaping economic, social, and cultural dynamics within imperial contexts
• European Migration


  • Before 1870, over 50% of European migrants to the Americas were from the British Isles. From 1815 to 1930, over 13 million British settlers dispersed across Australasia, South Africa, Canada, the United States, and parts of Latin America, driven by various reasons such as escaping colonialism, starvation, industrial poverty, and seeking adventure
• Asian Migration


  • In the mid-19th century, the Qing state in China relaxed restrictions on movement, leading to mass migration northeast to Manchuria. The Russian state emancipated serfs and encouraged migration to Siberia. China and Russia later implemented homesteading policies, and new railroads facilitated migration to these regions. Japan also promoted colonial migration projects
• Impact of Abolition of Slave Trade

  • The abolition of the slave trade and slavery in the 19th century led to the recruitment of landless peasants and workers as contract or indentured laborers in the Caribbean. Over one million Indians were indentured in British colonies, while other groups like Chinese, Japanese, Africans, and Pacific Islanders were also recruited
• Exclusion Policies and Racism

  • American countries of "white settlement" implemented exclusion laws against Asian migrants from the 1880s onward, based on racist ideologies. Australia proclaimed a "White Australia" policy in 1901, and similar exclusion laws restricted Asian immigration to other regions
• Japanese Migration


  • Japanese leaders promoted migration as a means to relieve economic pressures and compete with European powers. Japanese migrants faced restrictions in the United States and Latin America, leading to migration to South America, Micronesia, and Japanese-controlled territories in Asia. Japan's militaristic expansionism in the 1930s facilitated mass migration into continental Asia, particularly Manchuria
• Post WWII Migration


  • Political realignment and decolonization influenced migration patterns. Australia and Britain sought labor from former colonies, leading to migration of British Caribbean workers to Britain in the post-war era