2024 Hass - Sem 1

• Treaty of Versailles


  A formal agreement between two or more countries or states in reference to peace, alliance, commerce, or other international relations
• Armistice signed


  11 November 1918
• Paris peace conference

  January 1919
• Treaty of Versailles signed

  28 June 1919
• Aims of the Treaty of Versailles


  • France - Completely crush the German military and economy, force Germany to pay for the full cost of war and reclaim French territory
  • United States - Create an international dispute resolution council to avoid future wars (The League of Nations)
  • Britain - Restore the German economy but weaken their military, build a trade relationship with Germany
• The Treaty of Versailles was extremely harsh and limiting punishments on Germany both economic and military
• Aims and functions of the League of Nations


  • To prevent war and bloodshed through collective security
  • Settling international disputes through negotiations and arbitration
• Issues of the League of Nations


  • Major powers were not members - lack of legitimacy
  • Consensus was needed to make decisions
  • Lack of military meaning it was powerless to prevent countries from attacking others
• The Roaring 20's


  A jazz age burst of prosperity and freedom in America, a time of celebration following the devastation of the war
• Wall Street Crash

  1929
• The Great Depression


  The severe economic downturn that affected economies worldwide, beginning with the Wall Street Crash of 1929 and lasting approximately 10 years
• The economic instability of the Great Depression resulted in much political instability, leading to the rise of dictatorial leaders and parties, such as Adolf Hitler and his Nazi Party
• Wall Street Crash


  The crash of the major American stock market, contributing to the Great Depression
• There were many causes for the Wall Street Crash, including overinflated shares, growing bank loans, higher interest rates and agricultural overproduction
• Hitler coming into power


  Promised to return power to Germany, both economically and militarily, and the domination of Europe and the elimination of certain 'undesirables'
• Hitler rebuilt Germany's military, including new warships and an air force, harnessing the anger and resentment of the German people
• Appeasement Policy


  Neville Chamberlain, the British Prime Minister, believed all Hitler wanted to do was unite German-speaking people, allowing Hitler to expand German territory unchecked
• In March 1939, Hitler invaded the rest of Czechoslovakia, breaking the Treaty of Versailles, but Chamberlain wanted to avoid war
• Germany launched a "blitzkrieg" (lightning war) style invasion of Poland


  1st of September 1939
• Hitler wanted Germans to live in Poland, believing Germans were the superior race
• Invasion of Manchuria by Japan, facing no resistance, were able to occupy the rest of Manchuria within 5 months


  18th Sep – 27th Feb 1932
• Invasion of Nanjing (Nanking) by the Japanese Imperial Army, with mass murders, massacres, rapes, and atrocities against civilians


  13th Dec 1937 – 31st Jan 1938
• Attack of Pearl Harbour by Japan


  7th Dec 1941
• The Japanese conducted a pre-emptive strike on the US to remove them from the Pacific Theatre, allowing Japan to continue invasion in southeast Asia, which then got the US into the war
• Japanese invasion of Southeast Asia, including US territories (Philippines, Guam, and Wake), British Colonies (Malaya, Hongkong, Burma Myanmar), and Siam (Thailand)

  8 Dec 1941- Jan 1942
• Britain and France declared war on Germany following the invasion of Poland, causing Australia to be involved because as Prime Minister Menzies states if Britain is at war, then Australia is at war
• Millions of Australians fought in WW1, fought in campaigns against Germany and Italy in Europe
• Battle of Tobruk, where Allied forces, primarily Australian and British, successfully defended the Libyan port city from German and Italian forces for 240 days


  April to December 1941
• The Kokoda Campaign, a critical World War II battle fought between Australian and Japanese forces along the Kokoda Track in Papua New Guinea

  21st of July 1942
• Japan wanted to capture Port Moresby in Papua New Guinea during World War II, but Australia won the Kokoda Campaign because Japan had reached the end of their supply trail and run out of supplies, forcing them to turn around and retreat
• The Fuzzy Wuzzy Angels were Papuan carriers who supported the Australian army with their skills and acted as bearers for the wounded
• The Holocaust

  1933- 1948
• From the beginning, Hitler preached a strong antisemitic message that the Nazis would not rest until the last Jew was removed from the German Reich
• Restrictions on Jews in Nazi Germany

  • Forbidden to own shops, engage in trade
  • Not allowed to study law and medicine, portrayed as untrustworthy
  • Forbidden to enter German facilities such as schools, theatres, museums
  • Not allowed to have health insurance
• Phase 1 of the Holocaust (1933-1944)

  • Nazi prohibited the Jews from owning land
  • Jews were banned from the German front
  • Jews were not allowed national health insurance
  • The Nuremburg Laws - marriage between Jews and Germans were forbidden (sexual relations) and a citizen of Germany must be of German blood
• Kristallnacht - The Night of the Broken Glass, A third secretary of the German embassy in Paris was shot and killed by a 17 year old son of a deported Polish Jew


  7th Nov, 1938
• Kristallnacht was triggered by the shooting of Ernst Von Rath, a German diplomat, by Hershel Grynszpan, a 17-year-old Polish Jew, and led to the beating and murder of Jews, and the burning of synagogues
• Propaganda


  Used by the Nazis to portray Jews in a negative way and promote their political cause
• The film "Erwig the Jude – The Eternal Jew" released in 1940 by the Nazi Party compared the Jews with rats that carry contagion, flood the continent, and devour precious resources
• Concentration camps


  People were sent to these camps to be used as slave labour, undergo medical experiments, and other inhumane reasons, including Jews, criminals, and other enemies of Germany