Biology 1

• What are carbs made of +bond

  Monosaccharides + glycosidic
• What reaction breaks carbs

  Hydrolysis
• How to test for sugars

  Benedict’s blue -} brick red
• how to test non reducing sugars

  Add hydrochloric acid - neutralise with sodium hydrogencarbonante - test with Benedict’s again
• starch why is good

  Doesn’t affect water potential, insoluble, long, compact
• How To test for starch

  Iodine - blue black
• Describe cellulose 


  Long unbranched chains, beta glucose, hydrogen bonds form microfibrils
• triglyceride structure 


  Three fatty acids + glycerol backbone
• phospholipid structure 


  two fatty acids + glycerol + phosphate
• describe saturated fatty acid

  all carbon bonds are attached to a hydrogen
• describe unsaturated fatty acid 


  contains at least one double bond between carbons
• what do phospholipids serve to create

  bilayer of cell membranes
• what do triglycerides make

  Insoluble droplets used as energy storage moleclues
• how to test for lipids

  emulsion test - shake with ethanol - white emulsion
• Proteins are made from

  amino acid chains
• how many amino acids = polypeptide

  more than two
• what bond holds polypeptides together

  peptide
• primary structure protein 


  specific amino acid chain
• secondary protein structure 


  hydrogen bonds form alpha helix / beta pleats
• tertiary protein structure 


  hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, disulphide bridges
• quaternary protein structure 


  several polypeptides held together by bonds
• protein functions 


  enzymes, antibodies, transport proteins, structural proteins
• protein test 


  biuret goes blue -} purple
• how to make solution alkaline to test for protein

  add few drops of sodium hydroxide solution
• what forms when a substrate fits into an enzymes active site

  Enzyme Substrate Complex
• why is induced fit model better

  the substrate has to make the active site change shape slightly
• activation energy 


  energy needed before the reaction can start
• what do enzymes do to activation energy

  lower it
• what is the primary structure of a protein determined by

  a gene
• what changes when an enzyme is denatured

  tertiary structure
• How does temp influence enzyme activity

  Increases kinetic energy - enzymes more likely to collide with substrate
• How does enzyme conc influence reaction

  More likely to collide and form ESC
• what is the point where there is no point adding more substrate as all active sites are occupied

  saturation point
• competitive inhibitors 


  bind to active site preventing substrate from binding
• what does inhibition amount depend on

  relative concentrations of inhibitor and substrate
• non competitive inhibitor 


  changes shape of active site
• DNA function


  stores genetic information
• RNA function 


  transfer genetic information from DNA to ribosomes
• DNA structure 


  deoxyribose

  nitrogenous base

  phosphate group
• RNA structure 


  ribose

  nitrogenous base

  phosphate group