AO3

• Milgram and Elms conducted post-experimental interviews with ppts who were fully obedient between high levels of obedience and an ap, finding that obedient ppts scored higher on the F-scale in comparison to the disobedient ppts: found obedient ppts were less close to their fathers during childhood and admired the experimenter in Milgram's study, which was the opposite for disobedient ppts.
• It may be individual differences that contribute to the development of the authoritarian personality: Middendorp and Meleon found less-educated people are more likely to display ap characteristics: possible that it is not ap that leads to obedience, but also other factors such as levels of education.
• Methodological criticisms associated with the measures used to determine ap traits: F-scale suffers from response bias or social desirability (ppts provide socially acceptable answers) eg ppts may appear more authoritarian as they believe their answers are socially 'correct' and consequently they are incorrectly classified as authoritarian when they are not which reduces the internal validity of questionnairre research method suggesting other factors may be responsible for obedient behaviour.
• Some psychologists (humanistic) would dismiss the claims that obedience is determined by our socialisation experiences and not as a result of free will, and argue that humans have the capacity for free will and change therefore dispositional explanations for obedience are overly deterministic.