peacemaking at camp david 1978

• Who was Henry Kissinger?

  US secretary of state
• What diplomacy did Kissenger engage in?

  ’shuttle diplomacy’
• What treaties did Kissinger arrange between Israel, Syria and Egypt?

  treaties of ‘disengagement’
• In 1974-5, what did Kissinger secure agreements for Israelis to do?

  Israelis forces to withdraw from Suez Canal and parts of the Golan Heights
• What was put in the places where Israeli forces withdrew from?

  UN buffer zones, patrolled by UN peacekeeping forces
• What did the reopening of the Suez Canal lead to?

  Saudi Arabia starting selling oil to USA again
• Who was elected as US president in 1976?

  Jimmy Carter
• What did Carter advocate for the Palestinians?


  ‘Homeland’
• What happened in Israel in June 1977?

  new government came to power
• Who led the new government in Israel?

  menachem Begin, who had been leader of Irgun
• What was Begin’s government committed to do?

  Continue Israeli control of the West Bank and Gaza
• What was Begin prepared to do a deal over to secure peace with Egypt?

  Sinai
• Was Begin willing to do a deal over the West Bank and what did he refer it to?

  no, referred it to ‘Judea and Samaria’
• What did Begin even refuse to consider and not talk to who?

  refused to recognise the idea of a Palestinian homeland and wouldn’t talk to the PLO
• What did Begin refer to the PLO as?


  ’nazis’
• What did Begin governments approve?

  Contineed building of Israeli settlements on the West Bank and round Jerusalem
• What did Sadat announce in November 1977?


  That he was willing to go to Israel and negotiate a peace treaty
• Why did Sadat want to negotiate with Israel?

  He wanted permanent peace, as the four wars against Israel had cost many lives and devastated the Egyptian economy
• Why was Sadats announcement seen as a bold move?

  Because for 30 years, no Arab leader had even agreed to recognise Israel’s existence
• What did Sadat promise the Israelis, when he spoke to the Israeli parliament?

  Promised permanent peace based on agreements that would lead to the return of occupied Arab territories, including Arab East Jerusalem, recognition of Palestinian statehood and secure boundaries
• Why did peace talks between Israel and Egypt stall?

  Stalled on issues about: Palestinian right to self-determination. Begin’s insistence on keeping control over West Bank and Jerusalem
• when was Camp David held?

  September 1978
• the agreements at camp david contained 'a framework for peace in the middle east', what were the 2 key points?

  provided for election of self-governing palestinian authority and full autonomy (although not defined) for the inhabitants of west bank and gaza to replace the israeli military governmentrecognised the legitimate rights of the palestinian people but denied any right to national self-determination
• at camp david, what were the agreements concerning Israel and Egypt?

  Israeli forces to be withdrawn from the remaining parts of Sinai. Egypt to regain all of Sinai within 3 years. Israeli shipping to have free passage through the Suez Canal and the Straits of Tiran.
• How did the Arabs respond to Camp David agreements?


  Made them suspect that the Israeli leader had been consistently aiming for a separate treaty with Egypt while maintaining full control of the West Bank and Gaza.
• How did the Palestinians respond to the Camp David Agreements?


  Felt betrayed, they rejected the proposed 'autonomy', seeing it as a cover for Israeli annexation of the occupied territories with the tactic agreement of Egypt and the USA.
• when was the treaty of washington?

  1979
• Why was Carter so determined that Israel and Egypt

  sign a peace treaty?

  Failure to do so might lead to Egyptians to fall under Soviet influence again.
• what did Israel and Egypt agree to in signing the treaty of washington?


  confirmed what the two sides had agree at camp david in their 'framework for peace between Israel and Egypt'. They finally agreed to recognise 'each other's right to live in peace within in their secure and recognised boundaries'.
• What was the US reaction to the treaty of washington?

  the public acclaimed Carter's diplomatic triumph, a breakthrough in the Arab-Israeli conflict.
• What was Israel's reaction to the treaty of Washington?


  as far as Begin was concerned, the peace process was complete and had no intention of getting control back on any of the West Bank.
• What was the Egyptian's reaction to the treaty of Washington?

  It was to regain all of Sinai within three years, now they could rebuild their economy. Most Egyptians were pleased that Sadat was putting Egypt's interest first.
• After signing the treaty of washington, what promise did the US make to Egypt in terms of financial aid?

  $1.5 billion over the next three years.
• why were some Egyptians not happy with the treaty of washington and what main minority were they?

  Islamists, who turned against Sadat for making peace with the Zionist enemy and for his hostility to the new Islamic government in Iran.
• When and where was Sadat assassinated by?

  1981, during a military parade in Cairo by a group of Islamic extremists within the army.
• Why did Israel feel more secure after signing the treaty of washington?

  they had traded land for peace and neutralised the biggest Arab military power and the USA had guaranteed that it would meet or subsidise Israel's oil needs for the next 15 years and replace airfield which the Israelis had to remove in Sinai
• How did the Arab world view Sadats action in signing the treaty of washington?

  Saw him as selling out to Israel and the West
• Why did the Arab states cut off all relations with Egypt after the treaty of washington was signed?

  they felt they could have secured a better deal for all if they acted collectively.
• where did the arab league's headquaters move from to where?

  From Cairo to Tunisian capital
• How did the Palestinians feel after the treaty of washington was signed?

  felt more vulnerable and more exposed to an expansionist Israel than ever