Midterm #2

• The skeleton major functions are support, protection, attachment sites for muscles, locomotion, formation of red blood cells, Ca & P metabolism, Assistance in respiration and flight
• They are built for flight because their skeleton is compact, light, and strong, the cervical and caudal vertebrate are free, the body vertebrate are fused, the T4 vertebrate is free, and they have hallow, circular, mid-cross sections
• The sternum is also known as the keel bone and is the attachment site for the pectoral muscles
• The clavical strengthens the thoracic skeleton and aids with the upstroke of flight
• Ratities have no keel bone
• Pneumatic bones are hallow and penetrated by the extension of the air sacks
• The bones are made of hydroxyapatite which is an organic collagen matrix
• The three types of bones are cortical, spongy, and medullary
• Cortical bone is the outer dense compact bone
• Spongy bone is the inner less dense trabecular bone and lattice work
• Medullary bone is specialized woven bone that is used as a calcium reserve
• The medullary bone can be broken down for eggshell calcium
• Femoral head necrosis is a skeletal disease taht is mainly caused in incubation. Prevention methods include probiotics, clean environment, and vitamin E
• Mycoplasmosis is a skeletal disease. Symptoms are lameness, swollen joints footpads or hocks, breast blisters, and viscous creamy exudate in joints
• Mycoplasmosis is spread through vertical transmission
• Mycoplasmosis can be prevented through good management, eradication, and antibiotics
• Rickets is a skeletal disease that is caused by inadequate bone mineralization from diets that are deficient in nutrients
• Osteoporosis is a skeletal disease that is the progressive loss of structural bone during the laying period
• Osteoporosis causes decreased bone mineral density and increased bone fragility
• Spondylolisthesis is a skeletal disease when the cranial end of the T4 becomes displaced ventrally
• Tibial dyschondroplasia is a skeletal disease where cartilage persists instead of calcifying in the bone
• Keel bone damage is a skeletal disease that is a major welfare problem and caused by husbandry systems and genetic selection
• The muscle system functions are movement, body form, protection, and heat generation
• The types of muscle are smooth, cardiac, and skeletal
• The skeletal muscles are the breast, thigh, leg, and wings
• The breasts consist of the pectoralis major and pectoralis minor
• The thigh consists of the Iloitinialis, sartorius, and longissimus
• The leg consists of the gastrocnemius, flexor perforans, and peroneus
• The wing consists of the biceps branchii and triceps branchii
• Breast muscle color depends on myoglobin content
• Myoglobin content depends on flying abilities
• Deep pectoral myopathy (aka green muscle disease) is the iscremic necrosis of the pectoralis minor muscle
• Deep pectoral myopathy is lowly heritable and can be caused by excessive wing flapping
• Pale soft exudative breast meat is a postmortem metabolism that is caused by a rapid drop in pH
• Dark firm dry is caused by s shortage of glyocgen at slaughter and results in muscle too dark in color, firm in texture, and dry
• Woody breast is caused by the extensive degeneration of the muscle fibers and collagen deposition
• Intramuscular connective tissue defects is when there is poor cohesiveness of the meat and is caused when the collagen is immature in fast growing birds
• White stripping is degenerative myopathy that is associated with growth
• Spaghetti meat is the loss of integrity of the prectoralis major muscle and has detrimental effects on meat nutritional value and technological properties
• The digestive system functions and processes are ingestion, storage, digestion, absorption, elimination of waste, and propulsion