Ethical costs

• Refers to the ways that psychological research may affect the rights or health of its participants, techniques that help to mitigate the risks and negative consequences to society
• Risk management (ethical guidelines)

  Deception, protection from harm, a right it withdraw, privacy, fully informed consent, and confidentiality
• Ethical guidelines suggest that a participant should experience no greater harm than they would in ordinary life. They should leave the research the same way in which they entered. For instance Watson and Rayners study left the participant with lasting psychological trauma n, that persisted for years afterwards.
• there is always a risk that participants will experience psychological or physical harm form a study, however this should always aimed to be avoided