URINARY SYSTEM

• Incontinence - Older children and adults sometimes lose control over urination, resulting in a condition referred to as urinary incontinence
• Enuresis - Type of Incontinence that involuntary urination by a child after 4–5 years of age, when bladder control is expected. Most children have nocturnal enuresis, or bed-wetting, only.
• Transient incontinence - Type of Incontinence refers to urinary incontinence resulting from a temporary condition.
• Stress incontinence - Type of Incontinence that describes loss of urine from pressure (stress) exerted on the bladder by coughing, sneezing, laughing, exercising, or lifting something heavy.
• Urge incontinence - Type of Incontinence is a sudden, intense urge to urinate, followed by an involuntary loss of urine
• Reflex incontinence - Type of Incontinence that refers to urinary incontinence caused by trauma or damage to the nervous system (e.g., that caused by spinal cord injury above the second to fourth sacral vertebra, multiple sclerosis, and diabetes mellitus)
• Neurogenic bladder - refers to all bladder dysfunction caused by an interruption of normal bladder nerve innervation
• Urinary tract infections - are extremely common and include any infections that begin in the urinary tract.
• UTI - are caused by a direct invasion of the urinary tract by bacteria.
• UTIs are most often caused by Escherichia coli, which is part of the normal intestinal flora.
• Cystitis - refers to inflammation of the bladder. The inflammatory response is triggered, causing the bladder and urethra walls to become red and swollen.
• Pyelonephritis - refers to an infection that has reached one or both kidneys.
• Nephrolithiasis - refers to the presence of renal calculi (kidney stones).
• Calculi - are hard masses of crystals composed of minerals that the kidneys normally excrete
• Wilms tumor or nephroblastoma -is a rare kidney cancer that primarily affects children.
• Wilms’ Tumor - This tumor usually occurs in one kidney, but it can affect both (in 4–5% of cases). A second tumor may appear later in the remaining kidney.
• Benign prostatic hyperplasia - is a common, nonmalignant enlargement of the prostate gland that occurs as men age, usually appearing by age 50.
• Polycystic Kidney Disease - An inherited disorder characterized by numerous, grapelike clusters of fluid-filled cysts in both kidneys
• Potter facies - pronounced epicanthic folds (skin folds at the corner of the eyes on either side of the nose), pointed nose, small chin, and floppy, low-set ears
• Uremia - waste accumulation due to renal impairment
• Renal Failure - Refers to the kidneys’ inability to function adequately; it is classified as either acute or chronic
• Acute renal failure - also termed acute kidney injury, refers to a sudden loss of renal function.
• Chronic Kidney Disease - Tends to consist of a gradual loss of renal function that is irreversible

  During the disease process, nonoperational scar tissue replaces injured nephrons.
• Stage 1 - In this stage kidney damage is present but the GFR is normal or high (greater than 90).
• Stage 2 - In this stage The GFR begins falling as the patient progresses through _______ (GFR 60–89
• Stage 3 - In this stage GFR 30–59),
• Stage 4 - In this stage (GFR 15–29).
• Stage 5 - in this stage the patient reaches kidney failure
• GFR drops to less than 15 or the patient begins dialysis.