UTS

• Pre-Socratics


  Philosophers prior to Socrates who were preoccupied with the question of the primary substratum, arche' that explains the multiplicity of things in the world
• Pre-Socratics


  • Thales
  • Pythagoras
  • Parmenides
  • Heraclitus
  • Empedocles
• Socrates


  Was more concerned with the problem of the self, believing the true task of the philosopher is to know thyself
• Socrates: 'The unexamined life is not worth living'
• Human person


  • Composed of body and soul
  • Body is the imperfect, impermanent aspect
  • Soul is the perfect and permanent aspect
• Plato


  Added that the soul has three components: the rational soul, the spirited soul, and the appetitive soul
• Justice in the human person

  • Can only be attained if the three parts of the soul are working harmoniously with one another
  • The rational soul forged by reason and intellect has to govern the affairs of the human person
  • The spirited soul which is in charge of emotions should be kept at bay
  • The appetitive soul the one in charge of base desires like eating, drinking, sleeping, and having sex are controlled as well
• Augustine


  • Agreed that man is of a bifurcated nature - an aspect of man dwells in the world and is imperfect and continuously yearns to be with the Divine, and the other is capable of reaching immortality
  • The body is bound to die on earth and the soul is to anticipate living eternally in a realm of spiritual bliss in communion with God
• Thomas Aquinas


  Man is composed of two parts: matter (the "common stuff that makes up everything in the universe" - man's body) and form (the "essence of a substance or thing" - the soul that animates the body)
• Rene Descartes


  • Conceived of the human person as having a body and a mind
  • The self is a combination of two distinct entities: the cogito (the thing that thinks, the mind) and the extenza (the extension of the mind, the body)
• David Hume


  • The self is not an entity over and beyond the physical body, but rather a bundle of impressions (or collection of different perceptions)
  • Knowledge can only be attained through sensory experience (empiricism)
• Immanuel Kant


  The mind organizes the impressions that we get from the external world, and the self is the seat of this knowledge acquisition
• Gilbert Ryle


  Denies the concept of an internal, non-physical self, and suggests that the "self" is simply the convenient name used to refer to all the behaviors that a person manifests
• Merleau-Ponty


  • The mind and body are so intertwined that they cannot be separated from one another, and all experience is embodied
  • The living body, thoughts, emotions, and experiences are all one
• Primary (in Pre-Socratics)


  The fundamental substance or principle that explains the origin and nature of everything in the world
• Secondary (in Pre-Socratics)


  The resulting things or phenomena that arise from the primary substance or principle