Blood (Trans Version)

• Centrifugation of whole blood

  1. Bottom layer - red blood cells

  2. Middle layer - Buffy coat

  3. Top layer - plasma
• Plasma composition


  • Proteins 7%
  • Water 91%
  • Other solutes 2%
• Albumin


  Protein transport
• Globulin


  Globular in structure, for defense and protein transport
• Fibrinogen


  Important for clotting/coagulation, for the formation of blood clot
• Serum


  Plasma without fibrinogen and other clotting factors
• Other solutes in plasma

  • Nutrients - glucose, amino acids
  • Electrolytes
  • Waste products - urea, creatinin, carbon dioxide
  • Hormones
• Formed elements


  • Red blood cells
  • Buffy coat and the layer with red blood cells
• Buffy coat


  • Platelets
  • White blood cells
• Formed elements

  • Platelets (thrombocytes)
  • Red blood cells (leukocytes)
  • White blood cells (erythrocytes)
• Platelets


  • Smaller than the WBC
  • Biconcave disk
• Granulocytes


  • Basophil
  • Eosinophil
  • Neutrophil
• Agranulocytes


  • Monocytes
  • Lymphocytes
• Basophil


  • U-shaped nucleus or horseshoe shaped nucleus
  • Blue staining granules
  • Found in damaged tissues and during allergic reactions (release histamine and vasodilation to eliminate allergen faster, release heparin for anticoagulant will inhibit clot formation)
  • Mast cell once it has migrated to the tissues
• Eosinophil


  • Bilobed nucleus
  • Red staining granules
  • Neutralize histamine
  • Destroy parasitic worms (helmints)
• Neutrophil


  • Multilobed nucleus
  • Purple/lavander staining granules
  • First to respond at the site of damaged tissues
  • Phagocytic cell (cell eating)
  • Releases lysozyme
• Monocytes


  • Largest WBC
  • Kidney bean shaped or u-shaped nucleus
  • Phagocytic
  • If lodged in the tissue it will be called macrophages
• Lymphocytes


  • Smallest WBC
  • Round or circular shaped nucleus
• 1. lymphocyte


  Responsible for producing antibodies
• 1. lymphocyte


  Attack and destroy pathogens
• An average adult has 4 to 6 liters of blood, approximately 8% of their body weight
• Blood is a fluid connective tissue that constantly circulates around the body, propelled by the pumping action of the heart
• Blood transports oxygen, nutrients (glucose), hormones, heat, antibodies (immunoglobulins), immune cells, clotting factors, and waste materials
• Whole blood


  Specimen obtained by medical technologist or phlebotomist, components are not yet separated
• After centrifugation of whole blood


  Different layers/components can be seen based on their molecular weight
• Main components of blood

  • Plasma (55%)
  • Cells or formed elements (45%)
• Formed elements or different cellular components

  • Platelets
  • White blood cells
  • Red blood cells
• Plasma


  Largest part of our blood (55%), liquid (yellow) portion of the blood, its main constituent is water (90-92%)
• Components dissolved in the plasma

  • Proteins
  • Inorganic salts/ions (electrolytes)
  • Nutrients
  • Waste products
  • Regulatory substances (e.g. hormones)
  • Gases
• Plasma Proteins


  • Albumins
  • Globulins
  • Clotting Factors
• Albumins


  Most abundant plasma proteins (about 60% of total), maintain normal plasma osmotic pressure, acts as carrier molecules, formed in the liver, main function: protein transport
• Globulins


  Antibodies (immunoglobulins), transport some hormones and mineral salts, spherical proteins, defense or immunity, inhibition of some proteolytic enzymes (e.g. ⍺2-macroglobulin)
• Clotting Factors


  Responsible for blood coagulation, fibrinogen (most abundant clotting factor) is a clotting protein dissolved in the plasma, formed in the liver
• Serum


  Plasma with the fibrinogen or clotting factors removed
• Other Plasma Components


  • Electrolytes
  • Nutrients
  • Waste Products
  • Hormones
  • Gases
• Electrolytes


  Have wide range of functions, ex: Ca2+, K+, Na+, PO43-, help maintain acid-base balance
• Nutrients


  Substances essential for cellular growth and metabolism, ex: glucose, amino acids, and vitamins
• Waste Products


  By-products of some physiological processes, secreted into the blood to facilitate its removal, ex: urea, creatinine, uric acid, carbon dioxide, bilirubin
• Hormones


  Chemical messengers, regulatory substances, synthesized by the endocrine glands
• Gases


  Dissolved gases, oxygen (less than 2%), enter or leave the body through the lungs, needed by the body for chemical reactions to occur, can also be produced as a waste product