Guidance and feedback

• Visual guidance


  - Any method where performer sees the correct way to perform the skill (demonstrations, coaching videos, coaching manual etc)

  - Effective for cognitive performers and should be used at this phase

  -Performer should be given time to repeatedly practice and mentally rehearse following demonstration

  -Performer should focus on key aspects of the skill; Coach should highlight key aspects

  -Coach can also change or modify the display for performer to aim at
• Advantages of visual guidance

  - Illustrates exactly what a skill should look like.

  - Helps build a clear mental picture of skill.

  - Effective in conjunction with verbal guidance.

  - Highlights weaknesses.
• Disadvantages of visual guidance

  - Demonstrations must be accurate

  - Performer must able to match demo given

  - Too much info can cause overload
• Verbal guidance

  Coach instructs, explains and directs performer to key points of skill by telling them what and how to do it

  - Useful for advanced performers (autonomous)

  - Used to give technical, tactical or strategic information that a cognitive performer may not understand

  - Info should be kept brief and meaningful
• Advantages of verbal guidance

  - Can be given during performance

  - Useful for open skills where performer needs to adapt quickly and make decisions

  - Used effectively with visual guidance
• Disadvantages of verbal guidance

  - Chance of info overload

  - Long explanations can cause loss of concentration

  - Cognitive performers may not understand specific technical instructions
• Manual guidance


  Coach uses their own body to physically support or manipulate performers body
• Advantages for manual guidance

  - Effective for cognitive performers

  - Useful in dangerous tasks as it improves safety during performance

  - Reduces fear and builds confidence

  - Whole skill can be attempted

  - Allows performer to develop kinesthesis or feeling of the movement
• Disadvantages of manual guidance

  - May become reliant on support

  - Could create incorrect kinesthesis

  - Bad habits may be instilled

  - Performer may become demotivated as they feel they are not performing the skill by themselves

  - Physical contact could make performer uncomfortable
• Mechanical guidance

  Any equipment, apparatus or device used to aid and shape movement
• Advantages of mechanical guidance

  - Effective for cognitive performers.

  - Useful in dangerous tasks as it improves safety during performance

  - Reduces anxiety and builds confidence.

  - Whole skill can be attempted.

  - Allows performer to feel kinaesthesis of movement.
• Disadvantages of mechanical guidance

  - Performer may become reliant on support.

  - Create incorrect kinaesthesis.

  - Bad habits formed.

  - Performer demotivated as they can't do it themselves.
• Purposes of feedback

  - Reinforces correct actions.

  - Corrects errors.

  - Eliminates bad habits.

  - Acts as a motivator.

  - Builds confidence
• Knowledge of performance

  Information about why the skill was successful/unsuccessful, including technique and quality of action
• Knowledge of results


  Information about whether or not the skill was successful/unsuccessful
• Positive feedback

  Information about what was correct, so that it will be repeated
• Negative feedback

  Information about incorrect actions, so that they are not repeated and errors corrected
• Intrinsic feedback


  From within using kinesthesis , used to feel if action was correct or not
• Extrinsic feedback

  From outside source, used to reinforce correct actions and correct errors