CSMP

• Space vs Place


  - somewhere without personal attachments or any substantial meaning

  - place is more than just a location, it is somewhere created by human experiences and personal attachments
• how can age influence how people perceive places

  - Places change as people move through their life cycle, eg. a park for a 4 y/o is an exciting place to play, for a 16 y/o a place to hang out with friends, and for an 80 y/o a place to walk or take grandchildren.

  
  

  Perception will also change when people revisit a place later in life when they are older.

  
  

  The place will change over time.
• how can gender influence how people perceive places

  - Places can be described as male or female, a reflection of society's traditional view on gender roles

  - e.g. a football stadium would be perceived as typically male

  
  

  - Women tend to feel less safe than men is spaces like dark alleyways,

  - 'geography of fear' - places with an unsafe perception are avoided (e.g. poorly lit streets at night)
• how can sexuality influence how people perceive places

  - some places acquire a meaning because they are places where groups of people with the same orientation gather - - - - e.g. Brighton Pride event: LGBTQ+ community people may feel more supported and accepted in these types of spaces
• how can religion influence how people perceive places

  - Religious buildings form an essential part of worship and ritual

  - Mecca

  - Golden Temple - India
• how can roles influence how people perceive places

  - As peoples' roles change, places' meanings change to

  - eg. for children their school has very different connotations and meanings than for their parents, or for an adult without children

  
  

  - Role also influences perceptions of fear, anxiety and security, - e.g. as a parent your perception of potential threats such as traffic may be heightened
• How do emotions influence attachments to a place

  1. SOCIAL AND PERSONAL EXPERIENCES

  - If we have positive/negative experiences in a place we are more likely to attribute a strong emotional attachment to it

  - We also get strong emotions as part of a group, i.e. the strong emotional attachment sports fans have to their team's home ground

  - People often have a similar, deeper attachment to nations.

  - Especially true of people exiled from their homeland, eg. the Kurds.

  
  

  2. EMOTIONS EFFECT OUR BEHAVIOUR IN A PLACE: eg. Auschwitz memorial - sad, shocked, upset, emotional = quiet, thoughtful. music festival e.g. Glastonbury - excited, happy, loud
• Types of globalisation


  economic (businesses develop international influence/start operating on an international scale)

  
  

  cultural (transmission of ideas and values shared across the world - this has been intensified by social media)

  
  

  political (capitalism and globalisation)

  
  

  social globalisation
• how does globalisation and time space influence our sense of place

  - changing the way that people experience and understand place (both familiar and unfamiliar)

  - space is no longer the barrier it once was to communication and movement of people/goods/ideas
• time-space compression


  the idea that the world feels smaller than it used to because of increased technology in transportation and communication
• time-space compression (technology)


  increased telecommunications has made societies more interconnected
• Arab Springs - time-space compression (technology) SOCIAL AND POLITICAL CONNECTIONS


  - anti govt protests in Egypt and Tunisia

  - the protests were coordinated using social media

  - videos and pictures of the protests also spread quickly across the media e.g. Twitter/Youtube and reach a global audience

  - social media and technology can increase the social and political connections between communities and make places far away seem closer
• drawbacks of globalisation


  - as global brands dominate high streets and shopping centres there may be the issue of 'clone towns' with all the same brands everywhere

  - as a result we may lose independent business/ones that are specific to the local area
• globalisation and time space compression may not effect everyone equally (Detroit car manufacturing)


  - Detroit used to have a big car manufacturing industry but that has since been outsourced to EDC's where it is cheaper

  - the people of Detroit had a very different sense of place than previously

  - now their sense of place may be dominated by poverty, unemployment and crime

  
  

  - this may be the opposite for the people in EDC's who now have a different sense of place due to new job opportunities and money
• Formal representations of place


  - census, statistics, maps, road networks, data with no bias, objective (based only on statistics)
• Informal representations of place


  - any media or creative output

  - more subjective, based on opinion/peoples feelings about a place

  - tv/film/music/art/photography/literature/blogs
• social inequality


  where resources are distributed unevenly and causes differences between groups in society
• measures of social inequality

  income

  housing

  education

  healthcare

  employment
• how can social inequality be measured through income

  - World bank defines absolute poverty as having a PPP (purchasing power parity) of less than $1.90 per day

  - PPP is a universal measure so comparisons can easily be made between countries
• how can social inequality be measured through housing ?


  - Being able to afford accommodation of an adequate standard is closely related to income

  - at all scales social inequality is evident in the type and quality of housing people occupy

  - In many LIDC's and EDC's, the govt lacks the money/resources to provide sufficient housing so many people have to resort to living in slum housing
• how can social inequality be measured through education

  - formal education is provided by schools, colleges, apprenticeships and universities

  - Informal education can be gained through skill acquisition

  - literacy levels is the most commonly used measure of inequality in education (especially between countries)
• how can social inequality be measured through health care?

  - the association between poverty and ill health is very strong

  - the measure of number of doctors per 1000 people is often used to describe health inequality between places at global scale
• how can social inequality be measured through employment ?


  - direct link to income, standard of living and quality of life

  - wages can vary significantly across various forms of employment

  - informal employment is also an important consideration in LIDC's and EDC's

  - Employment and unemployment figures can sometimes be difficult to access and quite complex
• what are the factors which influence how and why spatial patterns of social inequalities vary


  wealth

  housing

  health

  education

  access to services
• Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD)

  - the UK govt uses the IMD to look at spatial variation in deprivation
• how and why does wealth lead to spatial patterns of social inequalities

  - inability to purchase goods and services due to limited income = key factor in social inequality

  - low income affects basically all other factors

  e.g.

  - diet/health (can't afford healthier food - only processed)

  - constrains housing choice (poorer quality)

  - education (limited resources for students)
• why is a disposable income important in terms of spatial patterns of social inequalities


  - greater access to goods/services

  - better protected against a sudden drop in income

  - there is a north south divide with disposable income (a lot lower in the northern parts of the country = where deindustrialisation has occurred e.g. Birmingham)

  - lack of reinvestment into key cities further increases cycle of poverty
• how and why does education lead to spatial patterns of social inequalities

  - some families may not have the money to provide resources that improve educational outcomes

  - level of education may cause differing access to employment opportunities which is significant in creating and maintaining social inequality
• how and why does housing lead to spatial patterns of social inequalities

  In LIDC's

  - when demand>supply, the poorest are forced into the worst quality housing, e.g. slums

  
  

  In AC's

  - housing costs can sometimes be so high that people are forced to live in bad living conditions, e.g. rooftop slums in Hong Kong

  - rural/urban divide: people in urban areas may buy second homes in rural areas = this drives up the price in these rural areas = may mean that people who have been living in these rural areas for generations are forced to leave because of the high prices
• how and why does healthcare lead to spatial patterns of social inequalities

  - clear link between healthcare and deprivation

  - income, poor housing, poor healthcare, access to medical services and access to green spaces may all contribute to poor health

  
  

  - access to medical services can vary spatially

  - e.g. London and the south west have a higher GP per 1000 ratio than the rest of the country

  
  

  In LIDC's

  - less investment into healthcare facilities

  - less investment into education = less people becoming doctors
• how and why does access to services lead to spatial patterns of social inequalities

  At a global scale

  - inequalities between the number of doctors per thousand people

  
  

  At national scale

  - Capital cities, where wealth and investment are high, tend to have good access to the service

  - urban - rural divide: urban areas are much more interconnected than many rural areas means access to services may be harder for people in rural areas
• economic change


  the shift of predominant sector in a country
• the influence of globalisation in driving structural economic change in places


  - globalisation has led to increasing flows of ideas, capital, goods and services and people

  - TNC's have a key role in driving economic change and impact the lives of billions of people globally

  
  

  AC's

  - as a result of the global shift and globalisation, AC's have transformed into post industrial societies

  - this means there has been a loss in employment in the primary and secondary sectors and high levels of employment in the tertiary and quaternary sectors
• the global shift


  the movement of manufacturing from AC's to LIDC's where costs are cheaper
• positive impacts of economic change on people and place in AC's

  - cheaper imports of all relatively labour intensive products can keep cost of living down and lead to a buoyant retailing sector

  
  

  - Promotion of labour market flexibility and efficiency

  
  

  - Greater industrial efficiency should lead to development of new technologies, promotion of entrepreneurship and attract foreign investment

  
  

  - Loss of mining and manufacturing industries can lead to improved environmental quality
• negative impacts of economic change on people and place in AC's

  - rising job exports = job losses (rise in technology also adds to this

  - job losses often affect unskilled workers more heavily

  - big gaps develop between skilled and unskilled workers who may experience extreme reemployment differences

  
  

  - job losses are usually concentrates in certain areas and certain industries - can lead to deindustrialisation and structural unemployment
• positive impacts of economic change on people and place in EDCs and LIDCs

  - higher export generates incomes promotes export led growth

  - this promotes investment in productive capacity

  - this may lead to a positive multiplier effect

  
  

  - this can continue into local areas with many new highly paid jobs

  - can lead to exposure to new technology, improvement of skills and increased labour productivity
• negative impacts of economic change on people and place in EDCs and LIDCs

  - unlikely to decrease inequality as jobs tend to be concentrated in the core region of urban areas (may promote in-migration)

  
  

  - may have disruptive social impacts

  - e..g TNC's could potentially be exploitive and lead to sweatshops

  
  

  - may destabilise food supplies if more people are moving away from agriculture

  
  

  - environmental issues associated with rapid industrialisation

  
  

  - potential health and safety issues due to the lax legislation
• how do economic booms impact people and places

  - higher levels of employment and more stable wages

  
  

  - disposable income is higher = positive multiplier effect for local economy

  
  

  - success may attract new investment into the area
• how do economic recessions impact people and places

  - higher levels of unemployment

  
  

  - household may have to decrease their spending as they may have less disposable income which means less business for local services and may cause businesses to close and bankruptcies

  
  

  - skilled workers may migrate away from the area

  
  

  - this all may cause a downward multiplier effect