Beautiful Bodies

• the 7 different organ systems are:

  • Skeletal system (bones and stuff)
  • Muscular system (muscles and strength)
  • Cardiovascular system (blood, veins and heart)
  • Respiratory system (breathing and lungs)
  • Nervous system (nerves and reflexes)
  • Reproductive system (to make the babiez)
  • Circulatory system (for the blood and air to get around)
• what are the four functions of the skeleton?

  structure, movement, protection, making blood cells
• what is the difference between a hinge joint and a ball & socket joint?

  Hinge joints, such as in the fingers, knees, elbows, and toes, allow only bending and straightening movements. Ball-and-socket joints, such as the shoulder and hip joints, allow backward, forward, sideways, and rotating movements.
• what are the 5 organs of the skeletal system?

  Bones, Tendons, Cartilage, Joints, Ligaments
• glucose + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water
• what's a difference between inhaled and exhaled air?

  inhaled is more oxygen and exhaled is mire CO2
• what is the difference between respiration and breathing?

  Respiration: Cellular process of generating energy from nutrients. Breathing: Physical act of inhaling and exhaling air.
• how can we test for CO2?

  limewater: blow bubbles in it to see if it goes cloudy
• how are alveoli adapted for gas exchange?

  Thin walls
• what four things is blood made from?

  plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets
• what are the three blood cells?

  Red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets.
• when inhaling - the diaphragm muscles and the intercostal muscles contract

  when exhaling - the ribcage moves downwards and inwards, the air pressure surrounding the lungs decreases and the air is forced out of the lungs
• teeth?


  they are made of dentin and enamel and are stronger than bone. teeth do not have cells, so are not bones, although they are close by association
• bones?


  in an adult human, there are 206 bones. bones are strong and can absorb 2 or 3 times your body weight force
• Cartilage?


  it is a smooth elastic rubber-like tissue. it protects ends of long bones and can be found in nose, ears and bronchial tubes
• ligaments?


  they connect bones together, often at joints and stabilise and support. there are about 900
• tendons?


  strong chord like tissues attached to muscles and help them move. they work as levers to move bones
• how do bones heal?

  chondrocyte cells produce collagen, which forms cartilage. the cartilage dills in the gap, producing a soft callous. osteoblast cells create a hard bony callous using collagen, calcium and phosphorus. that hard callous is essentially your new bone, that new bone is irregular in shape so osteoclasts re-model the bone.
• when you bend your elbow, your bicep flexes and your tricep relaxes and when it is straightened, your tricep flexes and your bicep relaxes. this is an example of an antagonistic muscle pair
• Muscles are used to move the bones at joints. Muscles can only pull, they cannot push and so they are often found in pairs. As a muscle pulls a bone, the muscle gets shorter and fatter. It is said to contract. When it gets thinner again it is said to relax. Muscles need energy to work. Muscle cells release energy using respiration.
• ways alveoli are adapted for gas exchange?

  large surface area, short distance, moist/permiable walls, copious blood supply, large diffusion gradient
• the lungs are protected by the ribcage. The intercostal muscles move the ribs when you breathe, the muscle responsible for moving air in and out of your lungs is the diaphragm. The body takes in oxygen and releases CO2. As you trace the path of airflow, the air moves down the trachea and into the bronchioles. then thair goes to the grape-looking alveoli. each alvoelus is surrounded by capillaries which are vessels that are so small that only red blood cells fit through them.
• blood enters the heart through the vena cava and passes into the right atrium, then into the right ventricle. the muscles in the right ventricle wall push the blood through the pulmonary artery, which carries blood into the lungs. at the same time, blood from the lungs enters the heart through the pulmonary vein, passes through the left atrium and into the left ventricle. muscles in the left ventricle wall push the blood through the aorta, which takes blood to the rest of the body.
• cells need oxygen because of RESPIRATION
• oxygen goes from ALVEOLI to the CAPILLARIES via the process of diffusion