AC 2.1

• What is the command word for ac 2.1

  • Explain/ describe
• What are the topics in Ac 2.1

  • internal
  • external
  • theories
  • remember they can ask how an agent can be a form of social control
• what is External Social control

  • external factors that ensure that we obey
• What do The external factors include

  • agencies of social control
  • skinner
  • coercion
  • fear
  • deterrence
• What is the agency of social control (external)

  • split into both formal and informal agents of social control
  • formal- control is one of their main objectives (such as police and prison)
  • informal is a by product (peers and family)- sanctions are used by these agents
  • these can be negative formal sanctions such as custodial sentence or they can be negative and positive informal sanctions such as pocket money
• Skinner (external)

  • Operant learning condition is often used in agents of social control when the use of positive and negative reinforcement (sanctions). Known as token economy. Often seen in prison and known as the incentive and earned privledges scheme
• Coercion

  • persuading someone to do something they would not normally do
  • psychological (undermine someone’s self belief)
  • physical (gun to head)
  • non violent (boycotting)
• Fear

  • if you are scared of the punishment you are more likely to obey
  • you can also be embarrassed of shame and fear along with embarrassment
• deterrence

  • individual deterrence- often used to stop one person from committing from offences eg suspended sentences.
  • right Realism like this links to rational choice theory (Clarke) if cons out-weights the pros then people will not disobey
  • general deterrence- stop the whole of society from committing offences as scared of consequences eg prison.
  • functionalism agree- seeing people be punished reaffirms boundaries
• External Lotus of control- How can agents of the CJS acts as methods of social control
• Who is apart of external social control

  • police
  • courts
  • prison
  • probation
  • CPS
• Police- external social control

  • statutory powers such as PACE to arrest, search, detain and interview. Can give negative sanctions such as spot fines and penalty points
  • Becker said- police presence can deter crime
  • Hirschi- due to bonds of attachment ppl do want to be seen getting arrested due to family disappointment
  • Reckless- outer containment (external agent that offers discipline.
• Courts (external)

  • acts as external and is formal, determines decisions in criminal cases. Gives negative sanctions of prison, fines, community sentences and discharges.
  • process of court could act as an individual deterrent due to consequences of punishment plus embarrassment and shame
  • general deterrent- people see other go court and getting punished
  • coercion- court tries to compel people to act in a certain way
  • hirschi- due to bonds of attachment ppl do not want to let down family
  • Reckless- outer containment (external agent offers discipline).
• Prison

  • acts as an external method and is formal
  • individual deterrence as people do not want to go back
  • rational choice theory- going to prison is worse than a reward any crime could give
  • general deterrence as people see others in prison and do not want to go there, shocking prison documentaries through media and highlight this
  • functionalism- reaffirms boundaries
  • coercion- incarceration forced to act a certain way (fearful of punishment)
  • token economies
  • hirschi- bonds of attachment (family disapproval)
  • Reckless- outer containment (external agent offering discipline)
• Probation

  • acts as an external method and is formal
  • individual deterrence- do not want to be limited on life choices by being on probation
  • rational choice theory- going to probation is worse than any reward any crime could give
  • general deterrence- as people see others on probation do not want to go either
  • functionalism- reaffirms boundaries
  • coercion- probation order means you need to act in a certain way Fear of punishment
  • hirschi- bonds of attachment people may not want to be seen on probation as letting down family
  • outer containment (external agent offering discipline)
• Cps (external)

  • external and formal method of control
  • powers under POA and CJA (police have right to charge you with an offence
  • people are fearful of the CPS as they feel like punishment is associated with them- prison
  • Hirschi- bonds of attachment people may not want to be seen being charged by the cps (letting down family)
  • Reckless- outer containment (external agent that offers discipline)
  • coercion- CPS tries to compel people that act a certain way
• Internal social control- guilt ensures we obey
• What does internal social control include

  • cosncience
  • Superego and Freud
  • Tradition and culture
  • internalisation of norms and morality
  • rational ideology
• Conscience (internal)

  • internal moral guidelines/compass
• Super ego and Freud

  • supergo informs the ego of moral consideration and curbs the ID of unacceptable desires
  • helps us from committing moral wrong things
• Tradition and Culture

  • learn externally through family, religion but will than internalise rules associated with them and feel guilt if we do not follow them eg for catholics not eating red meat on Friday
• Internalisation of norms and morality

  • We learn these externally through key agent of socialisation and we internalise them to become apart of conscience and moral guidelines
• Rational Ideology

  • term used to describe the fact that we internalise social rules and use them to tell us from right and wrong
  • enables us to keep within the law.
• Control Theories include

  • Rational choice theory
  • Hirschi
  • Reckless
  • feminism- Heidensohn
  • feminism- Carlen
  • Parenting
• Rational choice theory

  • Clarke- people decide whether to obey by weight up the rewards of disobey and the punishment given if caught
  • if the cons outweighs the pros of crime they will not commit crime eg long prison sentence
• Hirschi

  • people conform because they are bonded to society by 4 bonds of attachment
  • if these bonds do not exist or are weakened they will not conform
  • Attachment, commitment, involvement and belief
• Reckless

  • controlled due to inner containment: internalised norms and morals from agents of socialisation
  • outer containment: discipline if we go against norms and morals of agents of socialisation
• Feminism- Heidensohn

  • patriachal control explains how low lvls of crime for women
  • women do not have opportunity to offend as heavily controlled At home (girls sleep earlier than boys)
  • work lower position for women so cant commit white collar
  • statistics- approx 538 thousand males and 93 thousand females arrested for offences end of March 2021 in England and Wales
• Feminism Carlen

  • when Women do offend due to lack of parental support
  • failure to form an attachment to parents or abuse growing up
  • example Aileen Wuornos
  • Parenting- Shaw and Riley lack of parental supervision can cause children to commit crime Eg Venables and Thompson
• Parenting

  • Shaw and Riley argue lack of parental supervision causes children to commit crime
  • eg venables and thompson