parasites

• Entamoeba histolytica transmission

  fecal to oral
• Entamoeba histolytica distribution

  worldwide, usually in tropical and subtropical regions with poor sanitation and contaminated water
• Entamoeba histolytica pathophysiology

  cysts are ingested, stomach to duodenum, trophozoites produce inflammation and necrosis in the colon, and cause blood in stool
• Entamoeba histolytica clinical manifestations

  abdominal pain and cramping, tissue damage in large intestine, bloody diarrhoea, can cause extraintestinal disease when enters blood stream
• Entamoeba histolytica cutaneous symptoms

  nodules and ulceration at site of invasion, mostly purulent and foul smelling, proteolytic enzymes break down skin
• Entamoeba histolytica diagnosis

  stool microscopy, stool PCR, serology and antigen detection
• rLeishmaniasis

  cutaneous, mucocutaneous and visceral disease caused by flagellated protozoa Leishmania, transmitted from animal reservoir (typically rodents or dogs) or from human to human from bite of infected sandfly
• Leishmaniasis epidemiology

  from sand flys, cutaneous: south america, middle east, military troops, or mucocutaneous: central and south america
• Leishmaniasis cutaneous manifestations

  papule at site of bite, can be puritic, papule can then ulcerate with a firm border, ulcers can become crusted over and exudate serous material, secondary bacterial infection may occur
• Leishmaniasis mucocutaneous manifestations

  destruction of mucous membranes and tissues, grossly disfiguring
• Leishmaniasis diagnosis

  clinical symptoms, tissue biopsy, PCR
• Human African trypanosomiasis

  spread by tsetse fly, caused by Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (East Africa), and is a rapidly progressing form, or by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense (west africa) and is a slow progressing form
• American trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease)

  caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, and spread by reduviid bug
• T.b.rhodesiense

  people going on safaris get this
• T.b. gambiense

  people living next to river systems get this, rarely short term travellers
• Human African Trypanosomiasis clinical manifestations

  painful red nodule, enters lymphatics and spreads to blood stream, connective tissue, and cerebrospinal fluid. stage 1: fever, headaches, malaise, lymphadenopathy. stage 2: CNS involvement, altered sleep patterns
• diagnosis of Human African Trypanosomiasis:

  history of exposure risk, blood smears, aspiration of lymph nodes
• American Trypanosomiasis transmission

  can be spread by dogs and cats, mainly in children on facial sites, can also be spread from mother to child, contaminated food, and blood transfusion
• American Trypanosomiasis Clinical Manifestations:

  acute stage: painful nodule, rash, untreated can lead to spreading into other organ systems
• American Trypanosomiasis diagnosis:

  history of exposure risk, microscopy, and PCR
• Cutaneous Larva Migrans epidemiology

  hookworms are world wide, definitive hosts are dogs and cats, larvae penetrate skin and remain trapped, creating serpentine tunnels
• cutaneous Larva Migrans Clinical Manifestations:

  migrating larvae produce severe pruritis and scratching of the skin, causing secondary bacterial infections
• cutaneous Larva Migrans diagnosis

  clinical appearance, travel history, skin biopsy
• Filariasis Epidemiology and Transmission:

  roundworms infecting lymphatics and subcutaneous tissue, lymphatic filariasis is associated with infection by Wucheria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, or Brugia timori, larvae is transmitted by mosquitoes, causes blockage of lymph nodes
• Filariasis Clinical manifestations:

  acute: fever, chills, lymphadenitis. chronic stage: elephantiasis, swelling in genitals, possible renal involvement
• Filariasis diagnosis

  history of exposure risk, serology
• Human Scabies Epidemiology and transmission:

  itch mite (Sarcoptes scabiei) transmitted by direct contact
• Human Scabies clinical manifestations

  females lay eggs in burrows, causes extreme pruritus, itching causes secondary bacterial infection
• Human Scabies Laboratory diagnosis:

  skin scrapings and skin biopsy