Supporting evidence

• criminality runs in families,supports the explanation
• Osborn and West


  found that where there is a father with a criminal conviction,40% of the sons had committed a crime by 18 compared to 13% of sons with non-criminal fathers.
• Akers et al


  2500 males and female adolescents in US.

  Investigating drinking and drug behaviour.

  The most important influence from this type of behaviour is from peers.

  Differential association accounts for 68% of the variance in marijuana use and 55% of alcohol use