Anatomy

• Articulation


  The process of joining two elements together
• Articulatory system


  The system of mobile and immobile articulators brought into contact for the purpose of shaping the sounds of speech
• Vocal tract


  Oral, pharyngeal, and nasal cavities and their structures that filter the voice source
• Components of the normal voice

  • Respiratory system
  • Laryngeal system
  • Supralaryngeal system
• Support structures (The skull)

  • Bony framework for the head
  • Consists of 22 flattened or irregular bones, divided into 2 parts: Cranium (brain case) and Facial Skeleton

  
• Fibrous joints (sutures) of the skull

  • Coronal suture
  • Sagittal suture
  • Lambdoidal suture
  • Occipital suture
  • Parietomastoid suture
• Ellipsoid-condyloid joint


  TMJ (Temporomandibular joint)
• Bones of the cranial skeleton

  • Frontal bone
  • Parietal bone
  • Occipital bone
  • Temporal bone
  • Sphenoid bone
  • Ethmoid bone

  
• Bones of the facial skeleton

  • Mandible
  • Maxilla
  • Nasal bones
  • Palatine bones
  • Lacrimal bone
  • Zygomatic bone
  • Inferior nasal conchae
  • Vomer

  
• Mandible


  Single bone forming the lower jaw, containing the lower teeth and attachment for the tongue
• The mandible moves surprisingly little during speech, but we see more action during mastication
• Tooth types


  • Central incisors
  • Lateral incisor
  • Canine
  • Premolar
  • Molar
• Tooth abnormalities


  • Adontia (absence of teeth)
  • Supernumerary teeth (additional teeth)
  • Macrodontia (larger than normal teeth)
  • Microdontia (smaller than normal teeth)
• Occlusion


  Relationship between the mandible and maxilla bones (upper + lower jaw)

  
• Facial profile


  The relationship between the cranium and the facial area

  
• Class I (normal) occlusion

  Normal facial profile, adequate relationship between mandible and maxilla, first mandibular molar one-half tooth advanced of first maxillary molar, upper incisors project beyond lower incisors vertically by a few millimeters (overjet)

  
• Class II malocclusion


  Retracted mandible, deviant relationship between mandible and maxilla (retrognathic), first mandibular molars retracted at least one tooth from first maxillary molars
• Class III malocclusion


  Prognathic mandible, deviant relationship between mandible and maxilla, first mandibular molar advanced farther than one tooth beyond first maxillary molar

  
• Retrognathic


  Denoting a state in which the mandible is located posterior to its normal position in relation to the maxillae

  
• Types of malocclusion


  • Normal bite
  • Open bite
  • Overbite
  • Underbite
  • Crossbite
• Maxilla


  Paired bone forming the upper jaw or 2/3 of the hard palate, with 4 processes: palatine, alveolar, frontal, zygomatic

  
• Facial bones


  • Nasal bones
  • Palatine bones
  • Lacrimal bone
  • Zygomatic bone
  • Inferior nasal conchae
  • Vomer

  
• Categories of facial muscles

  • Oval
  • Vertical
  • Horizontal (transverse)
  • Angular
  • Parallel
• Orbicularis oris muscle


  Oval shaped muscle that is a circle of concentric fibers surrounding the lips, closes and puckers the lips
• Levator anguli oris muscle


  Vertical paired muscle that pulls the corners of the upper lip up and closes the mouth by pulling up the lower lip
• Depressor anguli oris muscle


  Vertical paired muscle with triangular shape that pulls the corners of the lower lip down
• Mentalis muscle


  Vertical paired muscle with triangle shape that raises and protrudes the lower lip
• Buccinator muscle


  Horizontal paired muscle that is the principal muscle of the cheek, compresses the cheeks for sucking and chewing, can draw the corners laterally
• Risorius muscle


  Horizontal paired muscle that spreads the lips (for smiling)
• Zygomatic muscle


  Angular paired slender muscle that draws the lips upward and laterally (for smiling)
• Levator labii superior muscle


  Angular paired muscle that elevates the upper lip for a broad smile
• Depressor labii inferior muscle

  Angular (quadrangular) small flat paired muscle that depresses the lower lip
• Incisivus labii superior muscle

  Parallel flat narrow paired muscle that puckers and rounds the upper lip
• Incisivus labii inferior muscle

  Parallel flat narrow paired muscle that draws the lower lip downward and medially
• Cavities of the vocal tract

  • Buccal
  • Oral
  • Pharyngeal
  • Nasal
• Function of the oral cavity

  Biological: communication, beginning of digestive tract/mastication

  Non-biological: modify sounds with articulators (lips, tongue, teeth, hard palate, soft palate, cheeks, jaw)
• Function of the lips

  Involved in consonants like /p,b,m,f,v/, almost all vowels need some labial movement for resonance, second most mobile articulator after the tongue
• Tongue


  Structure occupying the floor of the mouth, with dorsum, tip, base, and root
• Function of the tongue for speech

  Involved in consonants like linguodentals /th/, linguoalveolars /t,d,s,z,n,r,l/, linguopalatals /j/, linguovelars /k,g/, and vowels
• Function of the tongue for mastication

  Moves food into position to be crushed, forms the bolus, sends bolus to the pharynx