ethics

• APA General Principles


  • Beneficence and Nonmaleficence
  • Fidelity and Responsibility
  • Integrity
  • Justice
  • Respect for People's Rights and Dignity
• PAP General Principles


  • Respect for Dignity of Persons and Peoples
  • Competent Caring for the Well-being of Persons and Peoples
  • Integrity
  • Professional and Scientific Responsibilities to Society
• Informed consent


  • Purpose of the research
  • Duration and procedures
  • Right to decline and withdraw
  • Consequences of declining or withdrawing
  • Potential risks, discomfort, or adverse effects
  • Benefits
  • Limits of confidentiality
  • Incentives for participation
  • Researcher's contact information
• Informed consent for vulnerable populations

  • Seek individual's assent
  • Provide an explanation
  • Consider their best interest
  • Obtain permission from their guardians
  • Document written or oral consent, permission or assent
• Informed consent for recording images or videos

  • Consent must be obtained during debriefing
• Dispense or Omitting Informed consent

  • Research would not create distress or harm
  • Permitted by law
• Avoid offering excessive incentives for research participation that could coerce participation
• Do not conduct study that involves deception unless they have justified the use of deceptive techniques in the study
• They must give opportunity to the participants about the nature, results, and conclusions of the research and make sure that there are no misconceptions about the research
• Animal subjects


  • Ensure the safety and minimize the discomfort, infection, illness, and pain
  • Procedures must be justified and be as minimal as possible
  • Termination must be rapid and minimize the pain
• Must no present portions of another's work or data as their own
• After publishing, they should not withhold data from other competent professionals who intends to reanalyze the data
• Researchers who study cultural influences on development or racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic differences in development must work hard to keep their own cultural values from biasing their perceptions of other groups
• Do not conduct studies that involves deception unless deceptive techniques are justified