Psychology Paper 1

Subdecks (4)

Cards (191)

  • Theory
    Explanation for behaviour that needs to be tested
  • Aim
    Statement of why the study is being carried out
  • Independent Variable (IV)
    The thing the researcher changes to find a difference between 2(or more) conditions
  • Dependant variable
    The thing the researcher is measuring. The results depend on how the IV is changed
  • Operationalistion
    Making variables measurable and testable so that research can be standardised
  • Extraneous variable
    Extra aspects of an investigation that might affect the DV that isn't the IV
  • Hypothesis
    A clear,precise,testable statement
  • Null Hypothesis
    States that the IV wont affect the DV
  • Alternative/Suitable Hypotheses Directional
    States how the IV will affect the DV
  • Alternative/Suitable Hypotheses Non-Directional
    States the IV will affect the DV, but will not state in which direction
  • Quantitative Data
    numerical data -can be tailled
    ✓Easy to analyse
    X Limited depth &detail
  • Qualitative Data

    Rich, non-numerical data ,such as words or pictures
    ✓more depth &detail
    X Difficult to analyse
  • Primary Data

    First-hand data was collected by researchers themselves, directly from the participants.
  • Secondary Data
    Secondhand data taken from previous research or elsewhere
    ✓Easy to access a lot of data
    X No control over the validity of other people's studies
  • Type of Experiments
    Laboratory Experiment ,Field Experiment and Natural Experiment
  • Laboratory Experiment
    Researcher can control who is allocated to each condition of the IV & it takes place in an artificial setting with an artificial task
    ✓High control over variables-cause and effect relationship can be established
    X Highly artificial
  • Field Experiment
    Researcher can control who is allocated to each condition of IV& it takes place in a real-world task
    ✓Get more natural behavior from participants
    X Lower control over extraneous variables
  • Natural experiment
    Researcher cannot control who goes in each condition as the participants naturally belong to the groups- the settings don't matter
    ✓Investigates real-world differences
    X Biased participant sample -increased chance of individual differences
  • What are Experimental Design

    Independent groups ,repeated measures and matched pairs
  • Independent design
    Different participants in different conditions of the IV
    ✓Fewer demand characteristics
    X Individual differences between the groups &need more participants
  • Repeated meaures
    All participants do both conditions of the IV
    ✓ No individual differences & fewer participants needed
    X Order effects &demand characteristics
  • Matched Pairs
    Participants matched on pre-set criteria ,then divided into separate conditions of IV
    ✓Fewer demand characteristics & individual differences
    X Time consuming &difficult to accurately match
  • Standardised procedures
    Keeping everything the same for each participant except the IV
  • Standardised Instructions
    Scripts of pre-prepared directions that share all relevant info
  • Randomisation
    Using Chance to create to assign participants to a group-lowering bias
  • Counterbalancing
    Changing the order that participants do conditions in repeated measures design to reduce order effects
  • Mean
    Dividing the total by the number of participants ✓Representative of population
    X Affected by anomalies
  • Median
    The middle number when put in order
    ✓More depth &detail
    X Difficult to analyse
  • Mode
    Most common
    ✓More depth &detail
    X Difficult to analyse
  • Range
    Largest-smallest
    ✓More depth &detail
    X Difficult to analyse
  • Random Sampling

    Everyone in the target population has an equal chance of being selected
    ✓Representative-everyone has same participation chance
    X Sample may be unintentionally biased
  • Opportunity Sampling
    Using whoever is available at the time
    ✓Quick and easy
    X Sample may be unintentionally biased
  • Systematic Sampling

    Every nth person is chosen from a list
    ✓Less researcher bias in selection
    X Might not be representative of the target population
  • Stratified Sampling
    Dividing the target population into sub-groups that are then represented in the participant sample
    ✓Very representative sample
    X Very time-consuming to divide participants into subgroups
  • Ethical Considerations
    Informed Consent ,Deception, Right to Withdrawn ,Protection from Harm- Physiological ,Protection from harm-psychological, Privacy &Confidentiality
  • Informed Consent
    Issue: Participants should know what they signed up for
    Overcome: Get participants to sign a detailed consent form
  • Deception
    Issue :Participants should not be lied to
    Overcome: If deception was essential have a through debrief
  • Right to Withdraw
    Issue: Participants should be able to leave at any point
    Overcome: Remind participants of their right throughout
  • Protection from Harm-Physiological
    Issue: Participants cannot be hurt or injured
    Overcome: Health and safety check &first aider available
  • Protection from Harm-Psychological
    Issue: Participants cannot become distressed
    Overcome: Counselling services should be made available