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Psychology Paper 1
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Research methods
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Memory
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Cards (191)
Theory
Explanation for
behaviour
that needs to be
tested
Aim
Statement of why the study is being carried out
Independent Variable (IV)
The thing the researcher changes to find a
difference
between 2(or more)
conditions
Dependant variable
The thing the researcher is
measuring.
The results depend on how the
IV
is changed
Operationalistion
Making variables
measurable
and testable so that research can be
standardised
Extraneous variable
Extra aspects of an investigation that might affect the
DV
that isn't the
IV
Hypothesis
A clear,precise,testable statement
Null Hypothesis
States that the
IV
wont affect the
DV
Alternative/Suitable Hypotheses Directional
States how the
IV
will affect the
DV
Alternative/Suitable Hypotheses Non-Directional
States the
IV
will affect the
DV
, but will not state in which direction
Quantitative Data
numerical data -can be
tailled
✓Easy to
analyse
X
Limited
depth &detail
Qualitative
Data
Rich, non-numerical data ,such as words or pictures
✓more depth &detail
X Difficult to
analyse
Primary
Data
First-hand
data was collected by
researchers
themselves, directly from the participants.
Secondary Data
Secondhand
data taken from
previous
research or elsewhere
✓Easy to access a lot of
data
X No control over the
validity
of other people's studies
Type of Experiments
Laboratory
Experiment ,Field Experiment and
Natural
Experiment
Laboratory Experiment
Researcher can control who is allocated to each condition of the IV & it takes place in an
artificial
setting with an
artificial
task
✓High control over
variables-cause
and
effect
relationship can be established
X Highly
artificial
Field Experiment
Researcher can control who is allocated to each condition of IV& it takes place in a real-world task
✓Get more natural behavior from participants
X Lower control over
extraneous variables
Natural experiment
Researcher cannot control who goes in each condition as the participants
naturally belong
to the
groups-
the settings don't matter
✓Investigates
real-world differences
X
Biased
participant sample -increased chance of
individual differences
What are
Experimental
Design
Independent groups
,repeated measures and
matched pairs
Independent design
Different participants in different conditions of the
IV
✓Fewer
demand characteristics
X Individual differences between the
groups
&need more
participants
Repeated meaures
All participants do both conditions of the IV
✓ No
individual differences
& fewer participants
needed
X
Order
effects &
demand characteristics
Matched Pairs
Participants matched on pre-set criteria ,then divided into separate conditions of
IV
✓Fewer demand characteristics &
individual differences
X Time consuming &
difficult
to accurately match
Standardised procedures
Keeping everything the same for each participant except the
IV
Standardised Instructions
Scripts of
pre-prepared
directions that share all
relevant
info
Randomisation
Using
Chance
to create to assign participants to a group-lowering
bias
Counterbalancing
Changing the order that participants do conditions in
repeated
measures design to reduce
order
effects
Mean
Dividing the total by the number of participants ✓Representative of population
X Affected by
anomalies
Median
The
middle
number when put in order
✓More
depth
&detail
X Difficult to
analyse
Mode
Most
common
✓More depth &detail
X Difficult to
analyse
Range
Largest-smallest
✓More depth &detail
X Difficult to
analyse
Random
Sampling
Everyone in the target population has an
equal
chance of being
selected
✓Representative-everyone has same
participation
chance
X Sample may be
unintentionally
biased
Opportunity Sampling
Using whoever is
available
at the
time
✓Quick and easy
X Sample may be
unintentionally biased
Systematic
Sampling
Every
nth
person is chosen from a list
✓Less researcher
bias
in selection
X Might not be
representative
of the target population
Stratified Sampling
Dividing the target population into
sub-groups
that are then
represented
in the participant sample
✓Very
representative
sample
X Very
time-consuming
to divide participants into
subgroups
Ethical Considerations
Informed Consent ,
Deception
, Right to
Withdrawn
,Protection from Harm- Physiological ,Protection from harm-psychological, Privacy &Confidentiality
Informed Consent
Issue: Participants should know what they signed up for
Overcome
: Get participants to sign a detailed consent form
Deception
Issue :Participants should not be lied to
Overcome: If
deception
was essential have a through
debrief
Right to Withdraw
Issue: Participants should be able to
leave
at any point
Overcome: Remind participants of their right throughout
Protection from
Harm-Physiological
Issue: Participants cannot be hurt or injured
Overcome: Health and
safety
check &
first aider
available
Protection from
Harm-Psychological
Issue: Participants cannot become
distressed
Overcome:
Counselling
services should be made
available
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