L2: Textual Aids

• Textual Aids - the non-textual elements that help readers understand the context of the text
• Advance Organizers - commonly used to introduce a lesson and guide learners on how to think about it.
• Expository Advance Organizer - gives students a broad idea of the lesson's purpose before the lesson begins
• Narrative Advance Organizer - involves storytelling
• Skimming - a teacher may ask students to skim over a reading focusing on highlighted information, such as captions or chapter headings.
• Picture walking can be a part of skimming, except it is commonly used for younger kids. It is where you flip through the pages one-by-one to preview the story.
• Graphic Organizers - they structure information visually or in pictures.
• Persuasive Map - assists students with outlining and preparing arguments for their essays, speeches, debates, etc.
• Sequence Chart - helps visualize the order of steps of a process or a timeline of events, etc.
• Story Map - can be used to identify the different elements such as characters, character plots, themes, and techniques, etc. in a book.
• Biography Graphic Organizer - assists with understanding the character from a novel, auto biography, movie, or a historical figure more in depth.
• Learning Maps - visually depict the key take aways - skills, ideas, knowledge - students should get from a lesson.
• Vocabulary Graphic Organizer - used to asses the vocabulary knowledge of students.
• Problem-Solving Organizer - used to improve the problem-solving skills of the student.
• Timeline Graphic Organizer - shows a sequence of events in chronological order.
• T-chart - allows students to study two facets of the topic.
• Hierarchy Chart - visualizes the elements of a system, organization, or concept from its highest position to the lowest.
• Star Diagram - used to organize the characteristics of a chosen topic.
• Cluster Diagram - used to facilitate a brainstorming session or structure idea generation and even to help exploring new topics.
• Lotus Diagram - breaks down much broader topics into smaller ones for easy understanding
• Cause and Effect Graphic Organizer - shows the cause and effects of an event
• Mind Map - helps capture the free flow of thought and is widely used for brainstorming around topics
• Double Bubble Map - much like a venn diagram and is used to identify similar and different qualities between two things.
• Venn Diagram - Visually shows the comparison of differences and similarities between two things.
• providing titles improves the comprehension and memorability of the text. It can be recognized in bold, colored, or in italics.
• Analogies - comparisons of two things that are alike in some way.
• Tables - an arrangement of information in rows and columns containing cells that make comparing and contrasting of information easier.
• Label the parts of a Table.

  A) Title

  B) Table Number

  C) Captions

  D) footnote

  E) Source

  F) stubs

  
• Graph - used when a simple table cannot adequately demonstrate important relationships of and within data.
• Label the parts of a Bar Graph.

  A) Title

  B) Bars

  C) Labels

  
• Bar Graph - uses either vertical or horizontal bars to show the data it represents.
• Line Graph - used to show how numerical data data have changed over time and is best used to show trends.
• Label the parts of a Line Graph.

  A) Title

  B) y - axis

  C) x - axis

  
• Pie Graph - shows how a whole is divided into parts
• Label the parts of a Pie Graph.

  A) Title

  B) Legends

  C) Source

  
• Pictograph - pictorial representation of data using images, icons, or symbols.
• Label the parts of a Pictograph.

  A) Title

  B) key

  C) pictures

  D) labels

  
• Maps - a visual representation of selected characteristics of a place, usually drawn on a flat surface.
• 2 types of Maps

  • Physical Map
  • Political Map
• Physical Maps - includes pictures and labels such as mountain ranges and bodies of water.