quiz sa lunes

• Nutrition


  The entire process by which an organism furnish itself with the essential materials needed for life processes such as energy production, growth, reproduction, secretion, storage and maintenance of the osmotic conditions and pH within its body
• Autotrophic nutrition


  • Organism is able to synthesize organic materials from inorganic raw material
• Chemosynthesis


  1. Synthesizing organic compounds from carbon dioxide and water using energy supplied by chemical processes involving oxidation of inorganic substances such as hydrogen sulfide, ammonia and iron

  2. Chemoautotrophs are organisms that can undergo chemosynthesis
• Photosynthesis


  1. Synthesis of organic compounds (sugar) from carbon dioxide and water using light as source of energy

  2. Photoautotrophs are organisms that can undergo photosynthesis
• Heterotrophic nutrition


  • Organisms obtain organic materials from various sources because they cannot synthesize them
  • Organisms that exhibit this are known as heterotrophs
• Types of heterotrophic nutrition

  • Saprophytic/Saprotrophic
  • Parasitic
  • Holozoic
• Saprophyti nutrition

  • Obtaining nutritional requirements from dead and decaying organic matter
  • Organisms that exhibit this are known as saprophytes/saprotrophs/saprobionts
• Parasitic nutrition


  • Living on another organism called host and obtaining food from them
  • Organisms that live on another organism for food are known as parasites
• Types of parasites according to need of host

  • Obligate parasites
  • Facultative parasites
• Holozoic nutrition


  Ingestion and digestion of food in the alimentary canal before absorption to the cells through the blood transport system

  
• Groups of holozoic organisms according to type of food ingested

  • Herbivores
  • Carnivores
  • Omnivores
  • Detritivores
  • Insectivorous plants
• Stages of digestion in humans

  • Ingestion
  • Digestion
  • Absorption
  • Assimilation
  • Egestion

  
• Mechanical digestion


  Breaking down of food through physical means such as using the teeth and the churning of the stomach
• Chemical digestion


  Breaking down of food into smaller molecules that can be absorbed by the cells through hydrolysis using digestive enzymes

  
• Absorption


  Process by which digested simple molecules from food are transported from the GI tract to the blood and finally distributed to the different cells in the body

  
• Assimilation


  Process of combining the simple products of digestion or nutrients to make complex compounds
• Assimilation


  • Excess simple sugars converted to glycogen for storage
  • Glycerol and fatty acids form lipid droplets and phospholipids stored in adipose tissues
  • Excess amino acids deaminated to form urea, uric acid or other nitrogenous excretory products
  • Some vitamins stored in the liver
• Egestion


  Removal of undigested food (left after completion of absorption)
• Gas exchange


  The process of exchanging one gas for another
• Gas exchange by diffusion


  • Animals allow gases to diffuse through their cell membrane or body surface
• Specialized structures for gas exchange


  • Skin
  • Papulae
  • Spiracle or tracheal system
  • Gills
  • Lungs

  
• Human respiratory system


  Tubular system consisting of the nasal passage, trachea, bronchi and bronchioles

  
• alveoli

  • Moist, thin-walled pockets which are the site of gas exchange
• Inspiration (inhalation)


  Diaphragm and intercostal muscles contract
• Exhalation


  Diaphragm domes upwards as muscles relax
• Hemoglobin


  Protein composed of four polypeptide chains and four organic compounds called heme groups, giving blood its red color
• Myoglobin


  Oxygen-binding molecule found in muscle cells, composed of a single polypeptide chain with an iron atom that can bind to an O2 molecule
• Ways oxygen is transported

  • Dissolving in plasma
  • Binding to hemoglobin
  • Conversion of hydrogen carbonate ions in the red blood cells
• Ways carbon dioxide is transported

  • Dissolving in plasma
  • Binding to hemoglobin
  • Conversion of hydrogen carbonate ions in the red blood cells
• Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)


  Any disorder that obstructs airflow on a long-term basis, including asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema
• Emphysema


  • The alveolar walls break down and the lung exhibits larger but fewer alveoli, 80-90% caused by cigarette smoking
• Lung cancer


  • Over 90% of lung tumors originate in the mucous membranes of the large bronchi, compressing the airway as the tumor grows
• Gas exchange in plants

  CO2 is obtained from the atmosphere and O2 produced during photosynthesis is released through the stomata
• Blood


  Transports oxygen, contains hemoglobin, has a biconcave shape for higher surface area, and has no nucleus for more room for O2
• Heart


  Has four chambers and valves, pumps blood through the two phases of the cardiac cycle
• Cardiac cycle


  Has two phases: systole (contraction) and diastole (relaxation)
• Heart sounds


  Caused by the closing of the heart valves
• Cardiovascular diseases


  • Coronary heart disease
  • Cerebrovascular disease
  • Peripheral vascular disease
  • Rheumatic heart disease
  • Congenital heart disease
  • Deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism
• artery


  carries blood away from the heart
• capillary


  assists in the exchange of substances between the blood and tissues