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• Migration


  Permanent change of residence that requires crossing an administrative boundary from place of origin to place of destination
• Migration Rate


  The ratio of migrants to the total mid-year population during a given period expressed per 1,000 population
• Rate of migration (assumed)


  Population growth rate of municipality/city/province - national population growth rate
• Ravenstein's Law of Migration (1834)


  • Most migrants travel short distance and with increasing distance the number of migrants decrease
  • Migration occurs in stages and with a wave-like motion
  • Migration increases in volume as industries and commerce develop and transport improves, and the major direction of movements is from agricultural areas to centers of industry and commerce
  • Most migration are adult, families rarely migrate out of their country of birth
  • Women are more migratory than men within their country of birth but men more frequently venture beyond it
  • Urban dwellers are likely to move than their rural counterparts
• Todaro's migration model (1960's)


  • Migration proceeds in response to urban-rural differences in expected rather than actual earnings
  • Migrants as decision-makers consider the various labour market opportunities available to them as between, the rural and urban sectors, and choose the one which maximises their "expected" gain from migration
  • "Expected gains" measured by the difference in real incomes between rural and urban job opportunities and the probability of a new migrant obtaining an urban job
• Types of Migration


  • Internal Migration
  • External Migration
  • Emigration
  • Immigration
  • Population Transfer
  • Impelled Migration
  • Step Migration
  • Chain Migration
  • Return Migration
  • Seasonal Migration
• Characteristics of migrants


  • Migration is selective, i.e. migrants are not random samples of the population at the origin
  • Migrants responding primarily to plus factors at destination tend to be "positively" selected, i.e. they are of a higher "quality' (more educated, healthier, more ambitious, etc.) than the origin population at large
  • Migrants responding primarily to minus factors at origin tend to be "negatively" selected
  • The degrees of "positive" selection increases with the difficulty of the intervening variables
• Reasons for migration


  • Environmental (e.g., climate, natural disasters)
  • Political (e.g., war)
  • Economic (e.g., work)
  • Cultural (e.g., religious freedom, education)
• Push Factors


  Reasons for emigrating (leaving a place) because of a difficulty (such as a food shortage, war, flood, etc.)
• Pull Factors


  Reasons for immigrating (moving into a place) because of something desirable (such as a nicer climate, better food supply, freedom, etc.)