SOCECON DECK 2

• Globalization


  The integration and interdependence among people across societies
• Early stages of contact among societies, resources, products, and ideas were exchanged through trade and travel, but this did not constitute globalization
• Internal systems of one society were not dependent on the other, even though they were related
• Political Flows


  Political entities interacting in globalization
• Examples of Political Flows

  • People: refugees and illegal immigrants
  • Natural resources: oil and water supplies
  • Commerce: MNC, "world markets"
  • Environment: climate change, global warming
  • Health: Borderless diseases e.g. malaria, HIV, COVID 19
  • Peace and Security: war, terrorism, the most obvious global flow threatening different nations
  • Inequalities: "developing countries", "developed world"
• Inter-states


  Interdependence of states, interactions of states
• Global system of states


  The foundation of globalization
• Nation-state


  • Based on the simple ideas of nation and sovereignty
  • Structural homogeneity of states
  • Democratic ideals
  • Various rights reflected in their constitutions
  • Necessity and capacity of capitalism for expansion
  • Diffusion of ideas of liberalization and rationalization
• From community to nation

  1. Increased interactions and interdependence

  2. Enlarging the sense of community

  3. Common identity and belonging together

  4. Historically, nations grew out of warfare
• The Treaty/Peace of Westphalia


  1648
• Treaty of Westphalia


  • Secular political power was stripped from religious authorities
  • Religious and political freedoms from empire were established, not for individuals, but for nations
  • Nations gained sovereignty
  • No longer any higher power on earth
  • The right to political self-determination
  • To be considered equal from a legal point of view
  • Prohibited them from intervening in the affairs of other sovereign states
• Nation


  A social group that is linked through common descent, culture, language, or territorial contiguity
• State


  • A country and its government
  • Centralized form of control and organizational structure
  • Exercises authority over a specific population
  • Governs a specific territory
  • Has sovereignty over its territory
• National Identity


  A fluid and dynamic form of collective identity; members of the community believe that they are different from other groups
• Nationalism


  A doctrine and/or political movement that seeks to make the nation the basis of a political structure, especially a state
• Globalization


  • Borderless global economy that nation-states are unable to control
  • Technological and financial changes accelerated integration of national economies into one single global market or economy
  • While nation-states once controlled markets, it is now the markets that often control the nation-states
• Factors threatening the autonomy of the nation state


  • Flow of information
  • Growing power of global/transnational organizations
  • Illegal immigrants
  • New social movements e.g. civil rights, women, green
  • Global problems: AIDS, COVID-19, global warming, terrorism and other international crimes e.g. flow of drugs, money, Sex trafficking
• Human Rights


  • Entitlement of individuals to life, security, and well-being
  • These rights are universal, the nation-state cannot abrogate them
  • Global human rights groups have claimed the right to be able to have a say about what is done to people within and between sovereign states
• The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948) implies that human rights take precedence over the nation-state and that the UN is seeking to exert control over the state, at least on these issues
• International Criminal Court (ICC)

  Investigates and, where warranted, tries individuals charged with the gravest crimes of concern to the international community: genocide, war crimes, crimes against humanity and the crime of aggression
• Crimes under ICC jurisdiction

  • Genocide
  • Crimes against humanity
  • War crimes
  • Crime of aggression
• "Shadows of war"


  The complex sets of cross-state economic and political linkages that move outside formally recognized state-based channels
• Examples of "Shadows of war"

  • Narco states
  • Human trafficking
  • "Black market"
• Nation-states continue to be the major player on the global stage; they retain at least some power in the face of globalization
• Nation-states vary greatly in their efficacy in the face of globalization
• There is a need for nation states to address terrorism, economic globalization, immigration, global diseases
• Globalization can also be an opportunity for the nation-state