cell-alteration

• Cell Nucleus

  • Contains genetic material
  • Necessary for cell reproduction
  • Regulates cellular production of proteins
  • Each cell is "programmed" by the genes for the production of specific proteins
  • Allows the cell to carry out its function
  • Maintains cell homeostasis or stability
  • Promotes cell division
• Cell Membrane


  • Surrounds the cell
  • Separates the intracellular fluid from the extracellular fluid
  • Essential for cellular integrity

  
• Each cell has a pre-ordained program produced by its genes that allow for cell division
• Organelles of the Cytoplasm

  • Mitochondria
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum
  • Free Ribosomes
  • Golgi Apparatus
  • Lysosomes
• Components of Cell Membrane

  • Cell membrane is made up of lipids and proteins
  • Several lipids make up the cell membrane: Phospholipids, Glycolipids, Cholesterol
  • Lipid layer provides a barrier for the cell and maintains homeostasis of the cell

  
• Receptor Sites

  Found on the cell membrane<|>Specific receptor sites that allow interaction with various chemicals
• Identifying Markers

  Surface antigens<|>Histocompatibility proteins that allow for self-identification<|>The body's immune system recognizes these proteins and acts to protect self-cells and to destroy non-self-cells
• Channels


  Channels or pores that allow for the passage of substances into and out of the cell<|>Some drugs are designed to affect certain channels within the cell
• Cytoplasm

  • Mitochondria
  • Endoplasmic Reticulum
  • Free Ribosomes
  • Golgi Apparatus
  • Lysosomes
• Endocytosis


  Involves incorporation of material into the cell<|>Pinocytosis and phagocytosis occur
• Exocytosis


  Allows a cell to move a substance to the cell membrane and secrete the substance outside the cell<|>Hormones, neurotransmitters, and enzymes are excreted into the body by this process
• Passive Transport

  Happens without the expenditure of energy and can occur across any semi-permeable membrane<|>Occurs by diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion
• Active Transport

  Energy-requiring process<|>Movement of particular substances against a concentration gradient<|>Important in maintaining cell homeostasis
• Diffusion

  Does not require energy<|>The movement of solutes from a region of high concentration to a region of lower concentration across a concentration gradient
• Osmosis

  Does not require energy<|>Movement of water from an area low in solutes to an area high in solutes
• Phases of the Cell Cycle

  • G0 Phase (Resting phase)
  • G1 Phase (Gathering phase)
  • S Phase (Synthesizing phase)
  • G2 Phase (Last substances needed for division are collected and produced)
  • M Phase (Actual cell division occurs, producing two identical daughter cells)
• Cell Physiology

  May alter the cell membrane, causing the cell to rupture and die

  May deprive the cell of certain nutrients, altering the proteins that the cell produces and interfering with normal cell functioning and cell division

  May affect the normal cells of patients to some extent