Models of communication

• Aristotelian Model was first developed by the Greeks and was considered to be the most simple and basic model of communication
• The 3 elements of the Aristotelian model are: speaker, speech/message, audience
• The speaker plays the key role in communication, according to the Aristotelian theory of communication.
• According to the Aristotelian model, the speaker communicates in a way that listeners get influenced and respond accordingly
• example of Aristotelian model is: in a classroom
• What is considered to be the golden rule for public speaking, lectures, and seminars?

  Aristotelian model
• Shannon-Weaver model is known as the mother of all communication models and was originally designed for telephone communication
• What is the process of the Shannon-Weaver model ?

  speaker, encoding, channel, (disrupted by noise), decoding, receiver
• Who were the first one to discover the factors affecting communication and what is that factor?

  Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver, noise
• Laswell model was proposed by Harold Lasswell in 1948. It is considered as one of the earliest models of communication and is a verbal model
• The Laswell model is about the process of communication and its function to society
• 3 functions of communication in society according to Harold Laswell

  surveillance, correlation, cultural transmission
• surveillance


  the government uses this tool to alert them to potential dangers
• correlation

  reactions/response from the surveillance. Subordinates are making a connection to try to adapt through the dangers
• cultural transmission

  institutions pass down values, norms, customs, traditions based on how they lived through the dangers
• The process of the Lawell model

  communicator (who?), message (says what?), medium (in what channel?), receiver (to whom?), effect (with what?)
• Schramm Model was proposed by Wilbur Shramm. According to him, people interact in a constant cyclical fashion that captures the notions of process and interaction.
• Process of the Shramm Model

  encoder, message, decoder, interpreter, encoder, message, decoder, interpreter, encoder...
• Berlo's model was proposed by David Berlo in 1960. Also known as the SMCR (source, message, channel, receiver) model.
• Characteristics needed to consider from the source


  communication skills, attitudes, knowledge, social system, culture or the characteristics of the person
• characteristics needed to consider from the message

  content, elements, treatment, structure (how to say it), code (language)
• characteristics needed to consider from the channel

  5 senses (hearing, seeing, touching, smelling, tasting)
• characteristics needed to consider from the receiver

  communication skills, attitudes, knowledge, social system, culture or the characteristics of the person
• White's model implies a step-by-step sequence of events that takes place in communication
• Process involve in the White's model

  thinking, symbolizing, expressing, transmitting, receiving, decoding, feedbacking, monitoring, thinking....
• This model argues that you need to follow the cycle one step at a time. You cannot skip a step

  White's model
• Dance model was advanced by Frank Dance and is represented by a helix. Communication evolves
• According to the dance model, communication moves in a cyclical fashion - moving forward but coming back upon its self
• What is the key aspect of the dance model?

  "what we say now influences the future
• Symbolic interaction model reflects the nature of communication as a dynamic, systemic process in which communicators construct personal meanings through symbolic interaction
• According to symbolic interaction model, a given interaction serves as a starting point for the next and future interactions
• Speech Communication Transaction model is a two-way process that includes feedback and is interactive. Their is a collaborative exchange between communicators meaning roles can switch (sender can be receiver, receiver can be sender)
• Speech communication Transaction aims for understanding but barriers may interfere with the flow of communication
• LINEAR MODEL


  - one way communication interactive communication

  - In the linear model, the sender sends the message through some channel such as email, a distributed video, or an old-school printed memo, for example
• SAMPLES OF LINEAR MODEL

  - Lasswell's Model

  - Aristotle's Model

  - Shannon-Weaver's Model

  - Berlo's S-M-C-R Model
• Lasswell's Model


  - one-way communication model that asks five questions: who, says what, in which channel, to whom and with what effect.

  
• Aristotle's Model


  - The speaker/sender in this case organizes the speech or message according to the target audience and the occasion. It is usually used for public speaking.

  
• Shannon-Weaver's Model


  - the focus of this model is focused on radio, mostly on electronics and television (Claude & Lauren Weaver)

  
• Berlo's S-M-C-R Model

  - simplest, SENDER, MESSAGE, CHANNEL ,RECEIVER

  - One of the popular, touches the verbal and nonverbal communication

  
• THE INTERACTIVE OR INTERACTIONAL MODEL


  - Communication describes communication as a process in which participants alternate positions as a sender and receiver and generate meaning by sending messages and receiving feedback within physical and psychological contexts (schramm, 1997)