BLOOD PART2

• Blood is vital for transporting substances from the body
• The body can only compensate for 15 to 30 percent pallor and weakness
• Losing over 30 percent can cause severe shock which can be fatal
• Whole blood transfusion


  Routinely given to replace substantial blood loss to treat anemia and thrombocytopenia
• Thrombocytopenia


  Low platelet count
• Treated blood can only be refrigerated at 4 degrees Celsius or 39.2 degrees Fahrenheit for about 35 days
• Antigen


  A substance that the body recognizes as foreign, stimulating the immune system to mount a defense against it
• Antibodies


  The "recognizers" in the immune system
• Binding of the antibodies

  Causes the foreign RBC to clump, a process called agglutination
• Agglutinogens


  Substances that promote clumping
• Agglutination can lead to clogging in small blood vessels throughout the body
• Freed hemoglobin molecules may block the kidney tubules, causing kidney failure
• Transfusion reactions can cause fever, chills, nausea, and vomiting
• Kidney shutdowns are rarely fatal
• Treatment for transfusion reactions

  Aimed at preventing kidney damage by infusing fluids to dilute and dissolve hemoglobin and diuretics to flush out the body urine
• There are 30 common RBC antigens in humans
• ABO group


  Based on two antigens, type A and type B
• A person inheriting the absence of both antigens is Type O
• Blood is vital for transporting substances from the body
• The presence of both antigens is Type AB
• The body can only compensate for 15 to 30 percent pallor and weakness
• Rh system


  Named because one of the eight Rh antigens (Agglutinogen D) was originally identified in Rhesus monkeys
• Losing over 30 percent can cause severe shock which can be fatal
• Whole blood transfusion


  Routinely given to replace substantial blood loss to treat anemia and thrombocytopenia
• If antigen D is present, the blood type is positive
• Thrombocytopenia


  Low platelet count
• Antisera


  • A
  • D
  • B
• Treated blood can only be refrigerated at 4 degrees or 39.2 F for about 35 days
• Hemolysis is the rupture of RBC
• Antigen


  A substance that the body recognizes as foreign, stimulating the immune system to mount a defense against it
• Rupture of RBC does not occur in Rh- individuals
• Antibodies


  The "recognizers" that bind to foreign RBC
• Blood typing is important for determining the blood group of both the donor and the recipient before blood transfusion
• Binding of antibodies


  1. Causes foreign RBC to clump

  2. Binding is called agglutination
• Cross matching


  Involves testing for agglutination of donor RBC by the recipient serum and of the recipient RBC by the donor serum
• Agglutinogens


  Promote clumping of RBC
• RhoGAM


  An immune serum that prevents sensitization and subsequent immune response
• Clumping can lead to clogging in small blood vessels throughout the body
• Hemolytic disease in a newborn can result in anemia, hypoxia, and cyanosis
• Brain damage and even death may result unless fatal transfusions are done before birth to provide more RBCs for oxygen transport