3.1 Urbanisation

• Define urbanisation

  This is the growth in proportion of people living in urban areas, it usually increases due to migration and natural growth.
• Define suburbanisation?

  The movement of people from city centres to the outskirts. Because as urbanisation increases city centres become overcrowded this causes people to desire more space people move outwards, this is called decentralisation and urban sprawl. This means people move to suburbs. This process may cause economic and social segregation
• Define Counterubranisation?

  This is the movement of people out of cities in to villages and rural areas.
• Define urban resurgence?

  This is the movement of people back into cities
• What is the importance of urban enviroments in human affairs

  Vital for Economic production and the organisation of economy (IMPOIRTANT FOR GDP)

  Social and Cultural Hubs

  eschange of ideas and critical thinking

  Centres for political power
• Why are urban environments important due to economic production?

  Cities have huge GDP production, due to the high amount of jobs they have great manufacturing power or service industry power. they produce good for global consumption such as the factories in developing countries this has huge economic productivity

  Also due to globalisation urban areas connect companies through head quarters.

  Urban locations can also reduce the poverty
• Why are city centres important for social and cultural affairs

  Due to mass migration they become melting pots of culture with extreme culture diversity with festivals different cultures such as hair shops and food shops

  There is also cultural hubs through theaters, museums and art exhibits such as Northern quarter

  They also improve peoples quality of life through social aspects
• Why are urban areas important to the sharing of ideas and creative thinking?

  All urban environments have universities these universities allow for research and innovation allowing crucial socio-economic and Environmental development towards sustainability even medical development for example COVID-19 vaccines due to science parks.
• Why are urban areas scentres of political decision making?

  They allow decision making and development e.g. Andy Burnam in Manchester his seat in power allows for development to improve quality of life in the UK. They can also be areas of political pressure such as the Palestine or BLM marches influence politicians
• What other importance does

  -Improving the social status of women

  -Stabilising fertility rates

  -Declining Mortality Rates

  -Reducing Poverty
• In 2010 what milestone was hit?

  50% of the worlds population lived in urban areas
• What is suburbanisation defined as?

  The outward movement of people from the city centre to the outskirt urban developments.
• How is suburbanisation characterized?

  It is a process of urban change.
• What are the key historical developments in the process of suburbanisation in HICS?

  • Originated in the 1930s with limited urban planning laws.
  • 1940s: Environmental concerns led to the development of green belts.
  • 1950-60s: Controlled suburbanisation occurred.
  • 1970s: Housing estates built, leading to edge towns.
  • Formation of edge cities like Didsbury.
• What environmental concern arose in the 1940s related to suburbanisation?

  Suburbanisation and urban sprawl became environmental concerns.
• What are green belts?

  Controlled urban spaces with low density.
• What led to the formation of edge towns in the 1970s?

  The popularity of house ownership and the construction of housing estates.
• What are edge cities?

  Self-contained settlements on the outskirts of urban areas.
• How has suburbanisation been facilitated in recent years?

  By increasing transport connections and technology allowing remote work.
• What are the push and pull factors influencing suburbanisation?

  High crime in urban areas and more open space in suburbs.
• Why can edge cities be seen as a consequence of suburbanisation?

  They arise due to increasing demand for services as people move outwards.
• What are the characteristics of edge cities?

  • Self-contained settlements.
  • Developed on the outskirts due to urban sprawl.
  • Located near main roads, airports, and relocated businesses.
• What are the overall advantages of edge cities?

  Nicer surroundings, more room, and new job opportunities.
• What are the overall disadvantages of edge cities?

  Social segregation and environmental disadvantages due to commuting.
• What was Didsbury prior to the industrial revolution?

  A small agricultural hamlet.
• How did the growth of railways and roads affect Didsbury?

  Didsbury was absorbed by urban sprawl.
• What was the population of Didsbury approximately?

  27,000.
• What economic changes occurred in Didsbury due to decentralisation?

  • Shops and businesses relocated to Didsbury.
  • Decline of Manchester town centre in the 1970s.
  • Positive regeneration of town centres due to the doughnut effect.
• What is the doughnut effect?

  The inner cities become deprived and hollowed out as businesses move to the outskirts.
• What social issue has occurred due to suburbanisation?

  Social segregation between social classes.
• What environmental disadvantages arise from new settlements in suburban areas?

  Encroachment on green spaces and damage to ecosystems.
• What percentage of the UK's GNI did the service sector account for in 2021?

  80%.
• How has the service sector changed since 1946?

  It increased from 46% in 1946 to 80% in 2021.
• What caused the growth of the service sector in developed countries like the UK?

  Deindustrialisation and improvement in standards of living.
• What role does globalisation play in the growth of the service sector?

  It increases the need for TNCs and multinational corporations to locate in urban areas.
• What are the positive effects of the growth of tertiary industries?

  • High-paying service sector jobs.
  • Contribution to economic growth and socio-economic development.
  • Development of urban environments.
  • Creation of financial hubs with increased employment opportunities.
• What are the negative effects of the growth of tertiary industries?

  • Automation of roles threatening employment.
  • Concentration of jobs in urban areas, leading to rural job scarcity.
  • Limited high-paying positions and prevalence of exploitative jobs.
• What are other causes of urban change?

  • International migration post-WW2 led to inner city concentration.
  • Social segregation and poverty exacerbated by migrant communities.
  • Discontent with urban renewal schemes.