HAWORTH PROJECTION FORMULAS etc...

Cards (29)

  • Haworth projection formula - is a two-dimensional structural notation that specifies the three-dimensional structure of a cyclic form of a monosaccharide.
  • Alpha and Beta Configuration
    Alpha or Beta configuration is determined by the
    position of the —OH group on C1 relative to the
    CH2OH group that determines D or L series.
    • Beta configuration, both of these groups point in the same direction
    • In an Alpha configuration, the two groups point in opposite directions.
  • Five important reactions of monosaccharides
    1. Oxidation to acidic sugars
    2. Reduction to sugar alcohols
    3. Glycoside formation
    4. Phosphate ester formation
    5. Amino sugar formation
  • Oxidation to acidic sugars - The redox chemistry of monosaccharides is closely linked to the alcohol and aldehyde functional groups present in them.

    Oxidation can yield three different types of acidic sugars depending on the type of oxidizing agent used:
    • Nadagdagan oxygen, nagiging acidic ang sugar
  • Reduction to sugar alcohols - The carbonyl
    group in a monosaccharide (either an aldose
    or a ketose) is reduced to a hydroxyl group
    using hydrogen as the reducing agent.
  • A glycoside - is an acetal formed from a
    cyclic monosaccharide by replacement of the
    hemiacetal carbon -OH group with an -OR
    group.
    - Papalitan ng OR ang OH
  • The general name for monosaccharide acetals is glycoside.
  • Blood Types and Monosaccharides
    • Human blood is classified into four types: A ,
    B , AB , and O :
    • The biochemical basis for the various blood types involves monosaccharides present on plasma membranes of red blood cells
    • The monosaccharides responsible for blood groups are D galactose and its derivatives
  • . Phospate ester formation
    • The hydroxyl groups of a monosaccharide can react with inorganic oxyacids to form inorganic esters.
    • Phosphate esters of various monosaccharides are stable in aqueous solution and play important roles in the metabolism of carbohydrates
  • Amino Sugar Formation
    • An amino sugar - one of the hydroxyl groups of a monosaccharide is replaced with an amino group
    • Amino sugars and their N-acetyl derivatives are important building blocks of polysaccharides.
  • Two monosaccharides can react to form -
    disaccharide
  • glycosidic linkage - the bond that links the two monosaccharides of a disaccharide (glycoside) together
  • Cellobiose - is produced as an intermediate in
    the hydrolysis of the polysaccharide cellulose.
    Cellobiose contains two b - D-glucose monosaccharide units linked through a b (1—4) glycosidic linkage.
    • cannot be digested by humans
    (beta 1 - 4)
  • Maltose - often called malt sugar, is produced
    whenever the polysaccharide starch breaks
    down, as happens in plants when seeds
    germinate and in human beings during
    starch digestion.
    Structurally, is made up of two D- glucose units, one of which must be a-D- glucose.
    • Kaya I-digest ng human body ang alpha ( 1 - 4 )
  • Lactose - is made up of b-D-galactose unit and a b-D-glucose unit joined by a b(1-4) glycosidic linkage.
    - is the major sugar found in milk
    - a condition in which people lack the enzyme lactase needed to hydrolyze lactose to galactose and glucose.
    - hydrolyzes b(1-4) glycosidic linkages.
    • Deficiency of lactase can be caused by a genetic defect, physiological decline with age, or by injuries to intestinal mucosa.
  • Sucrose - (table sugar): The most abundant of
    all disaccharides and found in plants.
    • It is produced commercially from the juice of
    sugar cane and sugar be
    • is a nonreducing sugar.ets
    • Combination of alpha d-glucose and beta d fructose, nag link sila sa beta (1-2)
  • A polysaccharide - is a polymer that contains
    many monosaccharide units bonded to each
    other by glycosidic linkages.
  • Homopolysaccharide - is a polysaccharide in which only one type of monosaccharide monomer is present.
    Heteropolysaccharide - is a polysaccharide in which more than one (usually two) type of monosaccharide monomer is present.
  • Starch - that is a storage form for monosaccharides
    and is used as an energy source in cells.
    - is a homopolysaccharide containing
    only glucose monosaccharide units.
    - It is the energy-storage polysaccharide in
    plants (plant-based carbs ang starch )
  • Amylopectin - the other polysaccharide in
    starch, has a high degree of branching in its
    polyglucose structure.
  • All of the glycosidic linkages in starch (both
    amylose and amylopectin) are of the a type
  • Glycogen
    • like starch, is a polysaccharide containing only glucose units.
    • Liver cells and muscle cells are the storage sites for glycogen in humans.
    • is an ideal storage form for glucose.
  • Cellulose
    • Linear homopolysaccharide with b (1 4) glycosidic bond Humans don’t have enzymes that hydrolyze b (1 4) - so humans can not digest cellulose -- animals also lack these enzymes but they can digest cellulose because they have bacteria in their guts to hydrolyze cellulose
    • It serves as dietary fiber in food-- readily absorbs water and results in softer stools.
  • Chitin
    • Similar to cellulose in both function and structure
    • Linear polymer with all b (1 4) glycosidic linkages - it has a N-acetyl amino derivative of glucose
    • Function is to give rigidity to the exoskeletons of crabs, lobsters, shrimp, insects, and other arthropods.
  • Acidic polysaccharides - polysaccharides with a repeating disaccharide unit containing an amino sugar and a sugar with a negative charge due to a sulfate or a carboxyl group.
    • Structural polysaccharide present in connective tissue associated with joints, cartilage, synovial fluids in animals and humans
  • Hyaluronic acid:
    • Alternating residues of N-acetyl-b-D- glucosamine and D-glucuronic acid.
    • Highly viscous - serve as lubricants in the fluid of joints and part vitreous humor of the eye.
  • Heparin:
    An anticoagulant-prevents blood clots.
  • Glycolipid is a lipid molecule that has one or more carbohydrate (or carbohydrate derivative) units covalently bonded to it.
  • Glycoprotein is a protein molecule that has
    one or more carbohydrate (or carbohydrate
    derivative) units covalently bonded to it.