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Biochemistry PRELIMS
CARBOHYDRATES
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HAWORTH PROJECTION FORMULAS etc...
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Fisher Progection Formula
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Carbohydrate
oxidation
- provides energy
Carbohydrate
storage
- in the form of
glycogen
, provides a short-term energy reserve
Carbohydrates supply carbon atoms for the
synthesis of other biochemical substances
protein
lipids
nucleic
acids
Carbohydrates form part of the structural
framework of DNA and RNA molecules.
store and carry genetic information
Carbohydrates linked to lipids are (help to form) structural
components of cell membranes.
which protect and organized cell
Carbohydrates linked to proteins function in
a variety of
cell–cell
and
cell–molecule
recognition processes.
A carbohydrate is a polyhydroxy
aldehyde
, a
polyhydroxy
ketone
, or a compound that yields
polyhydroxy aldehydes or polyhydroxy ketones
upon
hydrolysis.
The carbohydrate
glucose
is a polyhydroxy
aldehyde, and the carbohydrate
fructose
is a
polyhydroxy ketone.
The carbohydrate glucose is a polyhydroxy
aldehyde
, and the carbohydrate fructose is a
polyhydroxy
ketone.
guess it
A)
aldehyde group
B)
ketone group
C)
glucose
D)
fructose
4
GUESS IT
A)
CHO
B)
C=O
C)
H
D)
HO
E)
H
F)
H
G)
OH
H)
H
I)
OH
J)
OH
K)
CH2OH
L)
HO
M)
H
N)
OH
O)
OH
P)
H
Q)
H
R)
CH2OH
18
MULTIPLE GROUP (-OH), HYDROXYL GROUP -
CH2OH
ALCOHOL -
-OH
Hydroxy
- represents alcohol group (OH)
Poly
- many/multiple
Polyhydroxy - multiple alcohol group ang present (OH)
Aldehyde
- laging asa dulo or unahan ng
bond (CHO)
Ketone -
C=O
Polyhydroxy
ketone
- carbohydrates
that have more than one alcohol group
and ketone group
Polyhydroxy aldehyde - carbohydrates
that have more than one alcohol group
and ketone group
Classification of Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides
Disaccharides
Oligosaccharides
Polysaccharides
Monosaccharides
- classified as aldose or
ketose on the basis of the type of carbonyl
present. (
1
unit)
Disaccharides
- glycosides formed from the
linkage of two monosaccharides. (
2
units)
Oligosaccharides
- carbohydrates that
contain three to ten monosaccharide
units.(3 - 10 units)
Polysaccharides
- polymers in which
monosaccharides are the monomers. (more
than 10 units)
Glucose and fructose are -
monosaccharides
guess
A)
glucose
B)
fructose
2
Most monosaccharides exist in two forms - a “
left
handed ” and “
right
handed ” form.
Superimposable
mirror
images - images that coincide at all points when the images are laid upon each other. (lahat magkakatapat)
Nonsuperimposable
mirror
images -
images where not all points coincide when
the images are laid upon each other. (walang
katapat)
Chiral
center
- an atom in a molecule that has
four different groups bonded to it in a tetrahedral orientation
A molecule that contains a chiral center is
said to be
chiral.
A
chiral
molecule
is a molecule whose
mirror images are not superimposable.
Stereoisomerism
- the atoms of stereoisomers
are connected in the same way but are arranged
differently in space.
Two types of Stereoisomerism
enantiomers
diastereomers
Diastereomers
- have structures that are not
mirror images of each other
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