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Microbial Metabolism
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Cards (52)
What do microorganisms require energy for?
To maintain
structural integrity
,
synthesize components
, transport substances, grow, and move.
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What are the energy classes of microorganisms?
Chemotrophs
Chemoorganotrophs
Chemolithotrophs
Phototrophs
Oxygenic Photosynthesis
Anoxygenic Photosynthesis
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What are chemotrophs?
Organisms that
conserve energy
from chemicals.
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What is the difference between chemoorganotrophs and chemolithotrophs?
Chemoorganotrophs use
organic
chemicals, while chemolithotrophs
oxidize inorganic
compounds.
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What is Thiomargarita namibiensis classified as?
A
sulfur
bacterium.
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How do phototrophs obtain energy?
They convert
light
energy into
chemical
energy.
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What is produced during oxygenic photosynthesis?
Oxygen
(
O2
).
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What distinguishes anoxygenic photosynthesis from oxygenic photosynthesis?
Anoxygenic
photosynthesis does not yield
O2.
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What type of microorganisms are green sulfur bacteria?
They are
anoxygenic photosynthetic
bacteria.
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What is the difference between heterotrophs and autotrophs?
Heterotrophs obtain
carbon
from organic chemicals, while autotrophs use CO2 as their
carbon
source.
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What are chemoorganotrophs classified as?
They are classified as
heterotrophs.
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What are the energy sources for different classes of microorganisms?
Chemicals for
chemoorganotrophs
and
chemolithotrophs
; light for phototrophs.
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What role do digestive enzymes play in the body?
They help in the
breakdown
of
sugar
molecules.
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What are
catalysts
?
Substances that
speed
up chemical reactions without being
altered.
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What is the function of enzymes?
Enzymes act as biological
catalysts
on
specific
substrates.
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What is lysozyme's function?
It catalyzes the
cleavage
of the β-1,4-glycosidic bond in
peptidoglycan.
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What are the components of enzymes?
Holoenzyme
Coenzyme
Source
Function
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What is thiamine's role in enzymatic activity?
It is part of the
coenzyme cocarboxylase
and is involved in the metabolism of
pyruvic acid.
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What is riboflavin's function?
It acts as a
coenzyme
in
flavoproteins
and is active in electron transfers.
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What is the role of nicotinic acid in enzymatic activity?
It is part of the
NAD
molecule and is active in
electron transfers.
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What is pyridoxine's function?
It acts as a
coenzyme
in
amino acid
metabolism.
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What is cyanocobalamine's role in enzymatic activity?
It is
active
in
amino acid
metabolism.
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What factors influence enzymatic activity?
Temperature
: Reaction rate
increases
with temperature.
pH
: Activity
declines
above or below optimum pH.
Substrate
Concentration:
Maximum
activity at high substrate concentration.
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How does temperature affect enzymatic activity?
The rate of most chemical reactions
increases
as temperature
increases.
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What happens to enzymatic activity when pH is not optimal?
Activity and reaction rate
decline.
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What is the effect of substrate concentration on enzymatic activity?
Maximum
rate of activity can be obtained with
high
substrate concentration.
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What is the relationship between dental caries and sucrose in bubblegum?
Sucrose causes a
decrease
in pH of
saliva
, eroding tooth enamel and exposing it to decay.
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How is energy released in ATP similar to kerosene?
Both involve the release of energy during
oxidation-reduction
reactions.
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What are
oxidation-reduction
reactions?
Reactions
involving the transfer of
electrons
from one molecule to another.
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What happens when a molecule loses an electron?
It is said to be
oxidized.
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What happens when a molecule gains an electron?
It is said to be
reduced.
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In photosynthesis, what is oxidized and what is reduced?
Water is
oxidized
, and glucose is
reduced.
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What are dehydrogenation reactions?
Biological
oxidations
that involve the loss of
hydrogen
atoms.
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How is ATP generated during
oxidation-reduction
reactions?
Energy
released is trapped by the formation of
ATP.
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What is phosphorylation?
The addition of
P
to a
chemical
compound.
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What is
glucose's
role in carbohydrate
catabolism
?
It is the most
common
carbohydrate energy source used by
cells.
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What are the two general processes microorganisms use to produce energy from glucose?
Cellular respiration
Fermentation
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What are the stages of cellular respiration?
Glycolysis
Formation of
Acetyl Coenzyme A
Citric Acid Cycle
Electron Transport
and
Chemiosmosis
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What is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic pathways in cellular respiration?
Aerobic pathways use
oxygen
, while anaerobic pathways do
not.
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What is the chemical equation for aerobic respiration?
C
6
H
12
O
6
+
C_6H_{12}O_6 +
C
6
H
12
O
6
+
6
O
2
→
6
C
O
2
+
6O_2 \rightarrow 6CO_2 +
6
O
2
→
6
C
O
2
+
12
H
2
O
+
12H_2O +
12
H
2
O
+
Energy
\text{Energy}
Energy
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See all 52 cards
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