MICROBIAL METABOLISM

• What is catabolism in microbial metabolism?

  Energy-releasing chemical reactions
• Anabolism involves energy-requiring chemical reactions.
• Catabolism is the breakdown or destructive branch of metabolism
• What is the constructive branch of metabolism called?

  Anabolism
• In catabolism, complex molecules are broken down into simpler ones.
• In anabolism, complex molecules are generated from simpler ones
• What is released during catabolism?

  Energy
• An exergonic reaction releases heat.
• In anabolism, kinetic energy is converted to potential energy
• Why is catabolism required by living beings?

  To provide energy
• Anabolism is essential for growth, preservation, and storage.
• Which gas is utilized in aerobic catabolism?

  Oxygen
• Anabolism is anaerobic because it does not utilize oxygen
• Match the catabolic process with its result:

  Breakdown of proteins ↔️ Amino acids

  Breakdown of glycogen ↔️ Glucose

  Breakdown of triglycerides ↔️ Fatty acids
• What do microorganisms need to grow in terms of energy?

  ATP
• Order the types of energy sources used by microorganisms:

  1️⃣ Phototrophs

  2️⃣ Chemotrophs
• Chemotrophs can use inorganic sources like H2S for energy.
• Lithotrophs use inorganic electron sources, while organotrophs use organic electron
• Which type of microorganisms uses CO2 as their carbon source?

  Autotrophs
• Heterotrophs use organic compounds as their carbon source.
• The main energy source for most microorganisms is carbohydrates
• Order the energy-obtaining processes for microorganisms:

  1️⃣ Respiration

  2️⃣ Fermentation
• Aerobic respiration requires oxygen.
• What are the end products of glycolysis?

  ATP, NADH, pyruvate
• The Krebs cycle produces CO2, NADH, FADH2, and ATP
• Which molecules donate electrons in the electron transport system?

  NADH and FADH2
• Oxygen is the final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration.
• The electron transport system produces approximately 28 ATP
• What is the initial stage of glucose metabolism called?

  Glycolysis
• Glycolysis is the same in both respiration and fermentation.
• Aerobic respiration is the most efficient way to extract energy from glucose
• What is the total equation for aerobic respiration?

  C_{6}H_{12}O_{6} + 6O_{2} → 6CO_{2} + 6H_{2}O + 38ATP</latex>
• Oxygen cannot be the final electron acceptor in anaerobic respiration.
• Which molecule serves as the final electron acceptor in sulfate reduction?

  Sodium sulfate
• In methane reduction, the final electron acceptor is CO2
• Oxygen and water coupling is the most oxidizing and energy-efficient process.
• Why is anaerobic respiration less energy-efficient than aerobic respiration?

  Lower oxidizing potential
• Fermentation occurs when respiration is absent, leading to an accumulation of NADH
• Without NAD+, glycolysis cannot proceed in fermentation.
• What are the end products of fermentation when pyruvate is reduced?

  NAD+ and fermentation products