Proteins

• Proteins - macromolecules that are made up of amino acids
• Peptides - fewer that 50 amino acids
• Dipeptides - composed of 2 amino acids
• Tripeptides - composed of 3 amino acids
• Polypeptides - composed of more than 10 amino acids
• Proteins are composed of more than 50 amino acids
• Amino Acids are composed of CHON (Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen, Nitrogen)
• Condensation - forms and bind bonds of one molecular group to another
• Hydrolysis - breaks or unbind the bonds of one molecular group to another
• There are about 300 amino acids occur in nature. Only 20 of them enter in proteins synthesis.
• Structure of an Amino Acid includes: Amino Group, Carboxylic Acid Group, Hydrogen Atom, Side Chain
• 7.4 - the physiological pH
• Zwitterion - a molecule with both positive and negative charges but not net overall charge
• Imino Acid - a type of amino acid that contains a secondary amine instead of primary amine
• Nonpolar - type of amino acids that their side chains consist mostly of hydrocarbons
• Polar - are amino acids that their side chains have groups that can form hydrogen bonds with water
• Charged - are amino acids that have a side chains that carry a charge
• Aromatic - amino acids where their side chain contains ring structure
• PKA - a measure of the strength of an acid in solution
• Aliphatic Compounds - organic molecules that do not contain any carbon-carbon double or triple bonds
• Aromatic Compounds - cyclic molecules that contain alternating single and double bonds
• Essential Amino Acids - are AA that must be consumed in the diet
• Nonessential Amino Acids - are AA that can be synthesized in the body
• Conditionally Essential Amino Acids - cannot be synthesized due to illness or lack of necessary precursors
• Four Levels of Amino Acid Structure: Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary
• Denaturing - alteration of the protein's shape
• Gamma-aminobutyric Acid - an inhibitory neurotransmitter that lessens a nerve cell's ability to receive, create or send chemical messages to other nerve cells
• Dopamine - home that give you feelings of pleasure, satisfaction, and motivation
• Glucogenic Amino acids - when amino acids are converted to carbohydrates
• Tyrosine -forms hormones such thyroid, epinephrine, and norepinephrine and a pigment called melanin
• Tryptophan - can synthesize a vitamin niacin
• Creatine - is synthesize by Glycine, arginine, and methionine
• Glycine and cysteine - help in synthesis of bile salts
• Glutamate, cysteine, and glycine - synthesis of glutathione
• Histidine - changes to histamine on decarboxylation
• Serotonin - formed from tryptophan
• Glycine - used for the synthesis of heme