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Sem 1
Mycobacterium
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Emily cheung
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Cards (42)
What is the primary pathogenic mycobacterium discussed in the study material?
tuberculosis
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Why is it important to understand pathogenic mycobacteria?
They are significant causes of disease in
humans
.
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What are the key processes involved in the pathogenesis of mycobacteria?
Establishment of
infection
Progression to disease
Transmission
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What is the shape and structure of mycobacteria?
They are
unicellular
and
branched
rods.
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What type of staining is used for mycobacteria?
Acid-fast
staining.
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What is the Ziehl-Neelsen stain used for?
To stain
mycobacteria
.
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What are the steps involved in the Ziehl-Neelsen staining process?
Stain with
carbol fuchsin
.
Destain with
acid alcohol
.
Counterstain with
methylene blue
.
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What color do mycobacteria stain in the Ziehl-Neelsen method?
Red
.
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What is the significance of mycolic acid in mycobacteria?
It contributes to the waxy cell wall, making them
acid-fast
.
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How are mycobacteria classified based on their growth rate?
Fast growers
: 1-2 days on plates (e.g.,
M. phlei
,
M. smegmatis
).
Slow growers
: several
weeks
to
months
(e.g.,
M. tuberculosis
).
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Which mycobacterium is closely related to tuberculosis and poses a zoonotic risk?
bovis
.
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What disease does M. avium-intracellulare cause in humans?
It is an opportunistic infection, especially common in
HIV
patients.
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What disease is caused by M. leprae?
Leprosy
.
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What is the global impact of tuberculosis?
30,000
people die every week, and
2 billion
are infected.
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What are the common clinical manifestations of tuberculosis?
Fever
,
weight loss
, weakness, persistent cough.
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What are the potential sites of TB infection in the body?
Central nervous system
Lymphatic system
Genitourinary system
Bones and joints
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What happens to most people after a TB infection?
They control the infection and may develop asymptomatic
latent
infection.
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How does M. tuberculosis enter the body?
Through aerosols that travel to the
alveoli
of the lungs.
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What is the role of alveolar macrophages in TB infection?
They engulf
M. tuberculosis
and can either clear or contain the infection.
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What is the granulomatous response in TB infection?
Attracts more
immune cells
.
Damages tissue and forms granulomatous tubercle.
Can lead to latent infection.
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What can happen if the granulomatous response fails to contain the bacteria?
It can lead to
reactivation
of the infection.
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What is the significance of the immune response in TB transmission?
It is required for transmission and can damage the host.
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What is the primary method of diagnosing TB?
Microscopy
of sputum for
acid-fast
rods.
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What is the culture medium used for growing mycobacteria?
Lowenstein-Jensen
medium.
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What is the role of PCR in TB diagnosis?
It detects the presence of
TB DNA
.
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What are the control strategies for TB?
Preventive
vaccination.
Antibiotic
treatment.
Diagnosis.
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What is the purpose of the BCG vaccine?
To prevent establishment of
TB
infection and disease.
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What is the efficacy of the BCG vaccine in children?
It protects against
disseminated
disease.
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What is the challenge with treating the 2 billion people with asymptomatic TB infection?
They cannot be treated effectively due to the lack of
symptoms.
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What are the first-line oral anti-TB drugs?
Isoniazid
Rifampicin
Ethambutol
Pyrazinamide
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Why is multi-drug treatment required for TB?
To prevent
resistance
development in
bacteria
.
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What is the definition of MDR-TB?
Resistant to at least
rifampicin
and
isoniazid
.
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What is XDR-TB?
Resistant to
rifampicin
,
isoniazid
, any
fluoroquinolone
, and at least one
injectable
second-line drug.
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What is the treatment regimen for MDR-TB?
At least 4 potentially active drugs.
New drugs like
Bedaquiline
and
Delaminid
.
Repurposed drugs like
Linezolid
and
moxifloxacin
.
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What is the global success rate for treating MDR-TB?
55%
.
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What is the causative agent of leprosy?
leprae
.
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How can M. leprae be cultured for study?
In
9-banded armadillos
and mouse footpads.
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What percentage of individuals infected with leprosy develop clinical disease?
5%
.
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What are the two clinical manifestations of leprosy?
Tuberculoid
: mild disease with few
bacilli
.
Lepromatous
: severe disease with many bacilli.
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What is the primary treatment for lepromatous leprosy?
Dapsone
.
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